Table 2.

Barriers for BSN Students to Pursue their PhD Across Levels of Influence

	Individual (Microsystem)	Interaction with Others (Mesosystem)	Programs and Policies (Exosystem)	Subcultures (Macrosystem)
Barriers
Lack of awareness or understanding of PhD	x
Limited futuristic thoughts or plans	x
Perception of limited time and energy for PhD	x	x	x
Family and work conflicts		x
Desire or perceived need to have clinical experience	x	x
Perceived low quality of life for PhD students and researcher	x	x
Negative beliefs and misconceptions about research	x	x		x
Institutional Beliefs About Practice, Funding, and Mentoring				x
Non-competitive salaries		x	x
Funding and finances for PhD programs			x
Insufficient number or quality of research mentors			x
GRE requirement			x
Concerns about unpreparedness to teach		x