Table 1:
Post Intervention Patient and Case Characteristics
| Control (N=325) | Intervention (N=159) | Std. Diff. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 70.10 (6.94) | 69.72 (6.92) | 0.055 |
| Age Group | 0.045 | ||
| 60–69 | 163 (50.2%) | 83 (52.2%) | |
| 70–79 | 128 (39.4%) | 61 (38.4%) | |
| 80+ | 34 (10.5%) | 15 (9.4%) | |
| Sex (Male) | 175 (53.8%) | 79 (49.7%) | 0.137 |
| BMI | 28.15 (6.32) | 28.58 (6.49) | 0.068 |
| Race | 0.153 | ||
| Black or African American | 59 (18.2%) | 32 (20.1%) | |
| Caucasian/White | 253 (77.8%) | 119 (74.8%) | |
| Other | 7 (2.2%) | 6 (3.8%) | |
| Not Reported/Declined | 6 (1.8%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| ASA Status | 0.165 | ||
| 1 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 2 | 45 (13.8%) | 26 (16.5%) | |
| 3 | 194 (59.7%) | 100 (63.3%) | |
| 4 | 82 (25.2%) | 30 (19.0%) | |
| 5 | 3 (0.9%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| HX Htn | 190 (58.5%) | 88 (55.3%) | 0.063 |
| Hx CAD | 89 (27.4%) | 30 (18.9%) | 0.203 * |
| Hx Diab | 73 (22.5%) | 32 (20.1%) | 0.057 |
| Hx neuropsych | 2 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.111 |
| Pre Antidepressant drug use | 33 (10.2%) | 4 (2.5%) | 0.318 * |
| Pre Anxiolytic drug use | 87 (26.8%) | 21 (13.2%) | 0.344 * |
| Pre Antipsychotic drug use | 5 (1.5%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.088 |
| Surgical Service | 0.447 * | ||
| Anes/ Pain Mgmt | 3 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| General Surgery | 100 (30.8%) | 63 (39.6%) | |
| Gynecology | 13 (4.0%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| Neurosurgery | 17 (5.2%) | 12 (7.5%) | |
| Orthopedics | 23 (7.1%) | 6 (3.8%) | |
| Otolaryngology Head and Neck | 21 (6.5%) | 9 (5.7%) | |
| Plastic Surgery | 5 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Thoracic | 111 (34.2%) | 41 (25.8%) | |
| Urology | 32 (9.8%) | 26 (16.4%) | |
| aaMAC (total) | 0.90 (0.30) | 0.84 (0.25) | 0.186 |
| gas | 0.368 * | ||
| Des | 75 (23.1%) | 47 (29.6%) | |
| Iso | 152 (46.8%) | 87 (54.7%) | |
| Sevo | 98 (30.2%) | 25 (15.7%) | |
| Procedure Duration | 145 [92, 242] | 129 [86, 214] | 0.126 |
| ETT Used | 319 (98.5%) | 156 (98.7%) | 0.024 |
| Spinal block used | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.160 |
| Epidural used | 17 (5.2%) | 13 (8.2%) | 0.118 |
| Peripheral block used | 7 (2.2%) | 4 (2.5%) | 0.024 |
| Mean BP | 87.27 (23.90) | 89.83 (20.61) | 0.115 |
| Pulse | 68.89 (11.94) | 69.05 (10.38) | 0.014 |
| SpO2 | 98.59 (2.20) | 98.44 (1.84) | 0.074 |
| Midazolam | 113 (34.8%) | 29 (18.2%) | 0.381 * |
| clonidine | 4 (1.2%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.063 |
| dexmedetomidine | 41 (12.6%) | 15 (9.4%) | 0.102 |
| ketamine | 76 (23.4%) | 42 (26.4%) | 0.070 |
| Ketamine per Kg per case Hr * + | 0.65 (3.41) | 2.89 (17.14) | 0.181 |
| propofol | 320 (98.5%) | 153 (96.2%) | 0.139 |
| etomidate | 4 (1.2%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.002 |
| fentanyl | 296 (91.1%) | 133 (83.6%) | 0.225 * |
| Fentanyl per Kg per case Hr * + | 0.91 (0.74) | 0.80 (0.71) | 0.146 |
| hydromorphone | 118 (36.3%) | 55 (34.6%) | 0.036 |
| Fentanyl/hydromorphone morphine equivalents (mg) | 13.8 [5, 21.3] | 9.5 [3, 15] | 0.307 |
| sufentanil | 7 (2.2%) | 7 (4.4%) | 0.127 |
| remifentanil | 55 (16.9%) | 24 (15.1%) | 0.050 |
| acetaminophen | 30 (9.2%) | 9 (5.7%) | 0.136 |
| succinylcholine | 87 (26.8%) | 29 (18.2%) | 0.205 * |
|
Non depolarizing
muscle relaxant\ relax |
268 (82.5%) | 141 (88.7%) | 0.178 |
| diphenhydramine | 8 (2.5%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.149 |
| metoclopramide | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.047 |
| promethazine | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.160 |
| physostigmine | 0 | 0 | -- |
| neostigmine | 176 (54.2%) | 115 (72.3%) | 0.384 * |
| haloperidol | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.079 |
| flumazenil | 0 | 0 | -- |
| naloxone | 8 (2.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.225 * |
| sugammadex | 20 (6.2%) | 14 (8.8%) | 0.101 |
+
among those who received drug;
*
standardized difference >0.2 considered measurable and clinically different, those between 0.1 and 0.2 are non-negligible but not deemed clinically meaningful