Table 2.

Distribution of cesarean birth, indication for cesarean, maternal morbidity, and descriptive neonatal outcomes by race and ethnicity^*

	Non-Hispanic Black (n=1404)	p-value†	Hispanic (n=1670)	p-value†	Non-Hispanic White (n=2685)
Cesarean birth (any indication)‡	320 (22.8)	<.001	366 (21.9)	<.001	472 (17.6)
Non-reassuring fetal status	190 (13.5)		185 (11.1)		194 (7.2)
Labor dystocia	110 (7.8)		153 (9.2)		239 (8.9)
Other	20 (1.4)		28 (1.7)		39 (1.5)
Maternal morbidity composite§	43 (3.1)	<.001	54 (3.2)	<.001	35 (1.3)
Transfusion ≥ 4u pRBC	4 (0.3)		6 (0.4)		4 (0.2)
Transfusion any other products	6 (0.4)		6 (0.4)		4 (0.2)
Postpartum infection‖	38 (2.7)		44 (2.6)		28 (1.0)
ICU admission	4 (0.3)		3 (0.2)		5 (0.2)
Hysterectomy	--		1 (0.1)		--
Venous thromboembolism	1 (0.1)		2 (0.1)		--
Neonatal outcomes
Small for gestational age¶	113 (8.1)	0.28	142 (8.5)	0.54	243 (9.1)
NICU admission	174 (12.4)	0.63	199 (11.9)	0.97	319 (11.9)
1-minute Apgar ≥ 7#	149 (78.4)	0.54	153 (82.7)	0.10	147 (75.8)

Abbreviations: pRBC – packed red blood cells; ICU – intensive care unit; NICU – neonatal intermediate or intensive care unit

^*Data presented are n (%)

^†Chi-square test for categorical variables. P-values for pairwise comparisons of Non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic vs. referent Non-Hispanic White.

^‡The proportions attributed to each indication for cesarean are relative to the total number of births, including vaginal births.

^§Distributions for each component of the composite are presented as column percentages because components are not mutually exclusive. There were no maternal deaths.

^‖Postpartum infection defined as any postpartum endometritis, wound complication, cellulitis requiring antibiotics, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, bacteremia of unknown source, or septic pelvic thrombosis

^¶Defined as birthweight <10^th percentile for gestational age

^#Apgar score evaluated only among those women undergoing cesarean for non-reassuring fetal status