Table 3.
Associations between sleep domains and symptoms of depression, pain intensity, pain interference, and fatigue*
| Sleep domain | Description | Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score) |
Pain intensity (SF sum score) |
Pain interference (SF sum score) |
Fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% confidence interval), p value | |||||
| Duration | Medium duration | Reference group | |||
| Short or long duration | 0.57 (−2.51, 3.66), p=0.71 | 0.42 (−1.21, 2.05), p=0.61 | 1.47 (−0.79, 3.74), p=0.20 | 0.10 (−0.84, 1.04), p=0.83 | |
| Continuity | Average mean wake time after sleep onset** | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09), p=0.31 | 0.0002 (−0.03, 0.03), p=0.99 | −0.001 (−0.05, 0.04), p=0.96 | 0.001 (−0.02, 0.02), p=0.89 |
| Least extreme two-thirds | Reference group | ||||
| Most extreme third | 1.61 (−1.49, 4.71), p=0.30 | −0.17 (−1.83, 1.49), p=0.84 | −0.48 (−2.82, 1.86), p=0.68 | −0.22 (−1.17, 0.73), p=0.65 | |
| Timing | Middle (02:01–04:00) | Reference group | |||
| Early or late | 1.20 (−1.87, 4.27), p=0.44 | 0.51 (−1.12, 2.14), p=0.53 | 0.66 (−1.64, 2.96), p=0.56 | 0.14 (−0.80, 1.07), p=0.77 | |
| Sleepiness | Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, continuous | 0.45 (0.19, 0.71), p=0.001 | 0.12 (−0.03, 0.27), p=0.13 | 0.13 (−0.09, 0.35), p=0.23 | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.16), p=0.09 |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≤10 | Reference group | ||||
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale >10 | 3.19 (0.19, 6.18), p=0.04 | 0.48 (−1.17, 2.13), p=0.56 | −0.11 (−2.45, 2.23), p=0.93 | 0.58 (−0.36, 1.52), p=0.22 | |
| Quality | PSQI Sleep Quality item=very or fairly good | Reference group | |||
| PSQI Sleep Quality item=fairly or very bad | 2.84 (0.005, 5.68), p=0.05 | 0.60 (−0.96, 2.15), p=0.44 | 1.91 (−0.23, 4.04), p=0.08 | 0.59 (−0.30, 1.47), p=0.19 | |
| Rhythmicity | Continuous | −6.97 (−29.31, 15.37), p=0.53 | −8.16 (−19.78, 3.46), p=0.16 | −8.36 (−24.93, 8.20), p=0.32 | −3.44 (−10.17, 3.29), p=0.31 |
| Least extreme two-thirds | Reference group | ||||
| Most extreme (lowest) third | 1.29 (−1.77, 4.36), p=0.40 | 0.51 (−1.12, 2.14), p=0.53 | 0.30 (−2.00, 2.61), p=0.79 | 1.17 (0.30, 2.04), p=0.01 | |
| Regularity | Continuous | 1.11 (−1.64, 3.86), p=0.42 | 0.97 (−0.47, 2.41), p=0.18 | 0.89 (−1.16, 2.95), p=0.39 | −0.18 (−1.02, 0.66), p=0.67 |
| Least extreme two-thirds | Reference group | ||||
| Most extreme third | 1.61 (−1.49, 4.71), p=0.30 | 0.39 (−1.27, 2.04), p=0.64 | 1.10 (−1.22, 3.42), p=0.35 | 0.16 (−0.79, 1.11), p=0.73 | |
| Composite score (continuous) | 1.20 (0.31, 2.10), p=0.01 | 0.27 (−0.23, 0.77), p=0.29 | 0.49 (−0.22, 1.19) p=0.17 | 0.25 (−0.03, 0.53), p=0.08 | |
*
Unadjusted analysis
**
Continuous variable
Bold: p≤0.05
PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index