. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 17.

Published before final editing as: J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2021 Jun 17:1–50. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1936319

Table 5.

Summary of gas-phase exposures to additive manufacturing workers.

Room (m³)	ACH (hr⁻¹)	Feedstock^a	Scenario^b	Sampler^c	Specifics	Analysis^d	Substance^e	C (μg/m³)^f	Cit.^g
Material extrusion AM process category
40	NR	ABS, PLA Employee 1	3-DP	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	300	A
40	NR	ABS, PLA Employee 1	3-DP/AVP	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	6470
40	NR	ABS, PLA Employee 2	3-DP/AVP	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	380
66	NR	ABS Employee 2	FDM^™	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	7210
66	NR	PC Employee 2	FDM^™	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	2610
66	NR	ABS, PC Employee 2	FDM^™	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	290
Outdoors	N/A	PLA Employee 2	CVP	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	4050
Outdoors	N/A	PLA Employee 2	CVP	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Chloroform	180
66	NR	ABS, PC, Ultem^®	FDM^™	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	40–1880	B
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Pentane	40–110
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Cyclohexane	10–40
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Ethanol	30–80
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Naphtha	2000–2300
66	NR	ABS, Ultem^®	FDM^™	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Benzene	20–30
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Hexane	150–190
40	NR	ABS, PLA Employee 1	3-DP (n = 7)	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	100	C

				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Pentane	10
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Ethanol	10
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Naphthas	1450
40	NR	ABS/PLA Employee 2	3-DP (n = 7)	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	50
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Pentane	30
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Hexane	220
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	IPA	150
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Naphthas	2090
40	NR	ABS, PLA Employee 1	3-DP (n = 7)/AVP/Etoh	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	2700
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Pentane	150
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Hexane	160
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Ethanol	100
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Naphthas	1330
40	NR	ABS Employee 2	3-DP	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	1880
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Pentane	110
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Hexane	190
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Ethanol	30
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Naphthas	2140
76	NR	ABS	Printing	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	40
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Pentane	40
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	IPA	350
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Naphthas	2800
45	NR	PLA Day 1	3-DP	pPID	10.6 eV	n/a	TVOC	1.4 × 10⁴ (P)
45	NR	PLA Day 2	3-DP	pPID	10.6 eV	n/a	TVOC	1.8 × 10⁴ (P)
45	NR	PLA Day 3	3-DP	pPID	10.6 eV	n/a	TVOC	2.9 × 10⁴ (P)
45	NR	PLA	3-DP	Canister	Evacuated	GC-MS	Acetaldehyde	10–20
				Canister	Evacuated	GC-MS	Acetone	50–120
				Canister	Evacuated	GC-MS	Ethanol	40
				Canister	Evacuated	GC-MS	IPA	2700–9800
				Canister	Evacuated	GC-MS	MM	2
Material jetting AM process category
90	0.22 estimated	TangoBlack+, VeroClear	Printing	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Acetone	20–80	B
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Pentane	10–60
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Ethanol	520–2020
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	Naphtha	1530–1710
				Badge	Passive	GC-MS	IPA	70–520
Vat photopolymerization AM process category
NR	NR	White resin	Drilling models	Badge	Passive	GC-MS	IPA	590	D

ABS = acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, PC = polycarbonate, PLA = polylactic acid

3-DP = desktop-scale fused filament fabrication 3D printer, AVP = acetone vapor polishing task, CVP = chloroform vapor polishing task, Etoh = cleaning build platform with ethanol, FDM^™ = industrial-scale fused deposition modeling machine

pPID = personal photoionization detector

GC-MS = gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

IPA = isopropyl alcohol, MC = methylene chloride, MM = methyl methacrylate, TVOC = total volatile organic compounds

P = peak

A = Du Preez et al. (2018b), B = Stefaniak, Johnson, du Preez, Hammond, Wells, Ham, LeBouf, Martin, et al. (2019b), C = Stefaniak, Johnson, du Preez, Hammond, Wells, Ham, LeBouf, Menchaca, et al. (2019c), D = Freiser et al. (2018)

NR = not reported