Table 2.
Serum lipid concentration between the groups with and without GDM of included studies
| Author, year | GA at sampling (week) | TC | LDL-C | HDL-C | TG | VLDL | TG/HDL-C ratio | Out come | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM | Control | GDM | Control | GDM | Control | GDM | Control | GDM | Control | GDM | Control | |||
| Farsangi et al., 2020 [41] | T3 | 228.96 ± 52.03 mg/dL | 211.59 ± 41.83 mg/dL | 122.41 ± 4.82 mg/dL | 144.54 ± 26.01 mg/dL | 53.10 ± 1.72 mg/dL | 46.64 ± 1.70 mg/dL | 225.58 ± 89.849 mg/dL | 208.38 ± 80.66 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR | NR | Significant for HDL |
| Hossain et al., 2020 [42] | T2–T3 | 194.21 ± 42.18 mg/dL | 208.52 ± 42.18 mg/dL | 109.25 ± 28.80 mg/dL | 119.30 ± 34.76 mg/dL | 47.50 ± 16.17 mg/dL | 47.18 ± 11.71 mg/dL | 204.78 ± 58.50 mg/dL | 202.34 ± 79.18 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR | NR | NS |
| Saumya, 2020 [43] | T1 | 0.07 [ 0.04, 0.11]* | 0.12[0.09,0.16]* | NR | 0.21[0.18,0.24]* | NR | NR | Significant | ||||||
| Wang et al., 2019 | T1,T2, and T3 | T1: 157.36 ± 25.90, T2: 218.45 ± 38.66, T3: 233.53 ± 41.37 mg/dL | T1: 156.21 ± 23.41, T2: 223.87 ± 35.41, T3: 238.95 ± 41.37 mg/dL | T1: 85.46 ± 21.27, T2: 114.46 ± 31.71, T3: 237.05 ± 34.42 mg/dL | T1: 82.75 ± 21.65,T2: 117.94 ± 29.78,T3: 128.77 ± 35.58 mg/dL | T1: 52.98 ± 10.05,T2: 67.67 ± 12.76,T3: 63.42 ± 11.60 mg/dL | T1: 55.30 ± 10.44,T2: 72.31 ± 13.35,T3: 66.90 ± 12.76 mg/dL | T1: 95.62 ± 50.46,T2: 227.55 ± 100.05,T3: 297.50 ± 133.70 mg/dL | T1: 80.57 ± 44.27, T2: 197.44 ± 82.34, T3: 272.70 ± 108.90 mg/dL | T1: 19.12 ± 10.09, T2: 45.51 ± 20.01, T3: 59.50 ± 26.74 mg/dL | T1: 16.11 ± 8.85, T2: 39.49 ± 16.47, T3: 26.74 ± 54.54 mg/dL | T1: 0.84 ± 0.54,T2: 1.58 ± 0.96,T3: 2.20 ± 1.45 | T1: 0.66 ± 0.44, T2: 1.27 ± 0.80, T3: 1.90 ± 1.08 | Significant for TG, HDL, and TG/HDL-C ratio |
| Layton et al., 2019 | T2 | 235.85 ± 26.34 mg/dL | 238.95 ± 40.38 mg/dL | 126.06 ± 17.18 mg/dL | 131.86 ± 34.37 mg/dL | 85.07 ± 14.60 mg/dL | 73.47 ± 15.75 mg/dL | 154.95 ± 16.40 mg/dL | 161.14 ± 49.62 mg/dL | 30.99 ± 3.28 mg/dL | 32.23 ± 9.92 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TG |
| Correa et al., 2019 | T1 | 193.01 ± 38.74 mg/dL | 165.50 19.11 mg/dL | 116.40 ± 35.08 mg/dL | 91.80 ± 20.37 mg/dL | 60 ± 8.52 mg/dL | 66 ± 12.96 mg/dL | 137.50 ± 48.15 mg/dL | 96.50 ± 32.22 mg/dL | 27.50 ± 9.63 mg/dL | 19.30 ± 6.44 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TC, TG, and LDL |
| Aydemir et al., 2019 | T3 | 242.86 ± 37.57 mg/dL | 229.14 ± 44.22 mg/dL | 140.82 ± 37.04 mg/dL | 143.86 ± 30.07 mg/dL | 62.48 ± 13.54 mg/dL | 62.34 ± 12.30 mg/dL | 203.30 ± 75.09 mg/dL | 197.13 ± 74.6 mg/dL | 40.66 ± 15.02 mg/dL | 39.43 ± 14.92 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TC |
| Anjum et al., 2019 | T2 | 185.12 ± 22.78 mg/dL | 197.40 ± 40.53 mg/dL | 111.73 ± 17.26 mg/dL | 114.22 ± 35.64 mg/dL | 49.00 ± 8.54 mg/dL | 62.12 ± 15.32 mg/dL | 122.52 ± 51.50 mg/dL | 105.26 ± 41.70 mg/dL | 24.50 ± 10.30 mg/dL | 21.05 ± 8.34 mg/dL | 2.70 ± 1.6 | 1.76 ± 0.90 | Significant for HDL-C and TG/HDL |
| Alyas et al., 2019 | T1 and T2 | T1: 308.91 ± 1.27,T2: 367.86 ± 2.39 mg/dL | T1: 287.71 ± 1.67,T2: 340.43 ± 1.58 mg/dL | T1: 165.62 ± 2.02,T2: 227.13 ± 3.43 mg/dL | T1: 131.16 ± 1.02,T2: 201.60 ± 2.75 mg/dL | T1: 45.71 ± 0.74,T2: 33.42 ± 1.93 mg/dL | T1: 59.80 ± 0.78,T2: 41.63 ± 0.87 mg/dL | T1: 369.52 ± 3.34,T2: 450.45 ± 4.21 mg/dL | T1: 346.42 ± 3.52,T2: 423.94 ± 3.38 mg/dL | T1: 39.95 ± 0.95,T2: 54.39 ± 1.11 mg/dL | T1: 31.88 ± 0.30,T2: 47.38 ± 0.48 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant |
| Yue and Ying, 2019 | T2 | 239.72 ± 44.80 mg/dL | 238.56 ± 23.20 mg/dL | 141.53 ± 1.55 mg/dL | 143.08 ± 1.55 mg/dL | 53.36 ± 0.77 mg/dL | 53.36 ± 0.39 mg/dL | 397.54 ± 14.16mg/dL | 332.02 ± 7.97 mg/dL | 79.51 ± 2.83 mg/dL | 66.40 ± 1.59 mg/dL | 3.25 ± 0.12 | 2.77 ± 0.07 | Significant for TG and TG/HDL |
| Zebunnesa et al., 2018 | T3 | 209.53 ± 34.66 mg/dL | 230.45 ± 45.25 mg/dL | 119.86 ± 31.56 mg/dL | 110.22 ± 24.79 mg/dL | 55.63 ± 34.26 mg/dL | 53.02 ± 6.81 mg/dL | 267.96 ± 56.34 mg/dL | 232.88 ± 58.43 mg/dL | 53.59 ± 11.27 mg/dL | 46.58 ± 11.69 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TG and TC |
| Cao et al., 2018 | T3 | 146.92 ± 19.15 mg/dL | 80.42 ± 41.64 mg/dL | 146.95 ± 16.92 mg/dL | 108.28 ± 15.14 mg/dL | 65.74 ± 14.63 mg/dL | 81.20 ± 13.64 mg/dL | 557.80 ± 16.41 mg/dL | 283.33 ± 19.21 mg/dL | 44.07 ± 5.41 mg/dL | 46.4 ± 6.14 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant |
| Bukowiecka-Matusiak et al., 2018 | T2 | 259.9 ± 37.11 mg/dL | 219.5 ± 37.40 mg/dL | 141.0 ± 42.22 mg/dL | 119.0 ± 25.18 mg/dL | 74.10 ± 21.40 mg/dL | 61.4 ± 9.77 mg/dL | 215.9 ± 63.70 (mg/dL) | 157.6 ± 64.74 mg/dL | 43.18 ± 12.74 mg/dL | 31.52 ± 12.95 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TG and TC |
| Bugatto et al., 2018 | T3 | 249.4 + 44.8 mg/dL | 256.9 + 42.8 mg/dL | 143.1 + 38.0 mg/dL | 146.1 + 35.8 mg/dL | 65.4 + 18.6 mg/dL | 70.8 + 21.9 mg/dL | 252.0 + 82.7 mg/dL | 191.4 + 68.8 mg/dL | 50.40 ± 16.54 mg/dL | 38.28 ± 13.76 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TG |
| Barat et al., 2018 | T3 | 228.82 ± 41.10 mg/dL | 234.41 ± 132.01 mg/dL | 122.82 ± 31.47 mg/dL | 122.57 ± 43.35 mg/dL | 53.30 ± 14.88 mg/dL | 66.28 ± 25.78 mg/dL | 275.43 ± 69.33 mg/dL | 205.53 ± 72.51 mg/dL | 55.09 ± 13.87 mg/dL | 41.11 ± 14.50 (mg/dL) | 5.37 ± 1.56 | 3.38 ± 1.54 | Significant for TG, HDL, and TG/HDL |
| Bao et al., 2018 | T1 and T2 | T1: 185.01 ± 16.14, T2: 195.10 ± 22.41 mg/dL | T1: 179 ± 19.54, T2: 208 ± 18.41 mg/dL | T1: 90 ± 0.41, T2: 98 ± 10.24 mg/dL | T1: 88 ± 10.41, T2: 105 ± 11.67 mg/dL | T1: 57.3 ± 9.87, T2: 63.3 ± 13.89 mg/dL | T1: 62.3 ± 21.71, T2: 72.3 ± 13.04 mg/dL | T1: 155 ± 11.41, T2: 198 ± 13.20 mg/dL | T1: 119 ± 19.10, T2: 207 ± 25.19 mg/dL | T1: 31 ± 2.28, T2: 39.60 ± 2.64 mg/dL | T1: 23.80 ± 3.82, T2: 41.40 ± 5.04 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TG and HDL |
| Pazhohan, 2017 | T1 | 202.9 ± 31.83 mg/dL | 195.9 ± 30.0 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR | NR | 198.3 ± 105.6 mg/dL | 164.1 ± 44.3 mg/dL | 39.66 ± 21.12 mg/dL | 32.82 ± 8.86 mg/dL | 3.84 ± 0.83 | 3.14 ± 0.44 | Significant for TG and TG/HDL |
| Wang et al., 2017 | T1 | 177.50 ± 33.26 mg/dL | 171.70 ± 30.16 mg/dL | 92.80 ± 27.84 mg/dL | 88.55 ± 25.13 mg/dL | 65.35 ± 20.50 mg/dL | 67.29 ± 16.63 mg/dL | 117.80 ± 63.77 mg/dL | 103.63 ± 59.34 mg/dL | 23.56 ± 12.75 mg/dL | 20.73 ± 11.87 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant |
| Ghodke et al., 2017 | T2 and T3 | T2: 223.50 ± 25.16, T3: 242.83 ± 27.14 mg/dL | T2: 214.60 ± 14.11, T3: 242.65 ± 14.19 mg/dL | T2: 96.83 ± 31.39, T3: 150.16 ± 9.88 mg/dL | T2: 92.41 ± 14.41, T3: 137.82 ± 10.41 mg/dL | T2: 52.00 ± 7.07, T3: 41.16 ± 7.27 mg/dL | T2: 49 ± 6.14, T3: 43.07 ± 5.74 mg/dL | T2: 214.33 ± 18.64, T3: 230.50 ± 17.03 mg/dL | T2: 186.68 ± 12.41, T3: 216.78 ± 16.44 mg/dL | T2: 34 ± 5.65, T3: 30.58 ± 5.83 mg/dL | T2: 36.27 ± 3.98, T2: 32.25 ± 4.02 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TG |
| Chen et al., 2017 | T2 | 222.96 ± 36.21 mg/dL | 240.59 ± 42.69 mg/dL | 96.61 ± 28.65 mg/dL | 115.00 ± 35.78 mg/dL | 79.43 ± 17.35 mg/dL | 84.79 ± 18.96 mg/dL | 219.5 (175.8, 285.3) mg/dL | 185.0 (146.5, 236.0) mg/dL | 43.90 ± 16.22 mg/dL | 37 ± 13.26 mg/dL | 2.96 (2.14, 3.84) | 2.16 (1.64, 3.10) | Significant for LDL and TG/HDL |
| Wang et al., 2016 | T1 | 176.69 ± 32.09 mg/dL | 171.67 ± 30.16 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR | NR | 191.32 ± 1.22 mg/dL | 103.60 ± 80.57 mg/dL | 30.26 ± 0.24 mg/dL | 20.72 ± 16.11 mg/dL | 0.92 ± 1.61 | 0.71 ± 0.46 | Significant |
| Shen et al., 2016 | T1,T2, and T3 | T1: 196.41 ± 15.41, T2: 239.72 ± 16.47, T3: 259.83 ± 16.97 mg/dL | T1: 190.61 ± 12.64, T2: 239.72 ± 10.75, T3: 268.72 ± 13.64 mg/dL | T1: 134.18 ± 19.41, T2: 157 ± 13.64, T3: 169.37 ± 20.97 mg/dL | T1: 129.16 ± 17.85, T2: 159.70 ± 16.95, T3: 177.50 ± 17.68 mg/dL | T1: 65.35 ± 19.65, T2: 72.70 ± 13.17, T3: 71.54 ± 18.32 mg/dL | T1: 65.74 ± 15.65, T2: 73.47 ± 16.98, T3: 73.09 ± 19.54 mg/dL | T1: 136.35 ± 16.39, T2: 233.74 ± 18.31, T3: 285.98 ± 21.39 mg/dL | T1: 115.98 ± 16.74, T2: 201.87 ± 9.47, T3: 264.73 ± 9.87, mg/dL | T1: 27.27 ± 3.28, T2: 46.75 ± 3.66, T3: 57.20 ± 4.28 mg/dL | T1: 23.20 ± 3.35, T2: 40.37 ± 1.89, T3: 52.95 ± 1.97 mg/dL | NR | NR | Higher TG and LDL-C at T1, but lower at T2 and T3 |
| Liang et al., 2016 | T2 | 266.78 ± 81.19 mg/dL | 177.86 ± 65.73 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR | NR | 513.33 ± 123.95 mg/dL | 239.06 ± 61.98 mg/dL | 102.71 ± 24.79 mg/dL | 47.81 ± 12.40 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant |
| Khosrowbeygi et al., 2016 | T2 | 234.90 ± 11.51 mg/dL | 256.13 ± 12.56 mg/dL | 142.25 ± 12.66 mg/dL | 149.27 ± 9.70 mg/dL | 36.90 ± 3.25 mg/dL | 62.07 ± 2.18 mg/dL | 278.73 ± 23.17 mg/dL | 223.97 ± 18.51 mg/dL | 55.75 ± 4.63 mg/dL | 44.79 ± 3.70 mg/dL | 8.64 ± 0.76 | 3.65 ± 0.31 | Significant for HDL-C and TG/HDL-C |
| Jin et al., 2016 | T1,T2, and T3 | T1: 152.72 ± 26.92, T2: 179.79 ± 25.20, T3: 242.42 ± 43.24 mg/dL | — | T1: 87 ± 10.60, T2: 95.13 ± 1.67, T3: 110.98 ± 32.36 mg/dL | — | T1: 64.19 ± 22.50, T2: 64.58 ± 9.63, T3: 69.60 ± 13.33 mg/dL | — | T1: 194.79 ± 62.96, T2: 216.92 ± 51.15, T3: 270.93 ± 105.59 mg/dL | — | T1: 38.96 ± 12.59, T2: 43.38 ± 10.23, T3: 54.19 ± 21.12 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR | Significant for TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C |
| Han et al., 2016 | T2–T3 | 182.9 ± 33.3 mg/dL | 176 ± 32.6 mg/dL | 371.7 ± 125.5 mg/dL | 386.8 ± 119.9 mg/dL | 4180.4 ± 1524.9 mg/dL | 4650.8 ± 1605.5 mg/dL | NR | NR | 134.4 ± 44.5 mg/dL | 130.3 ± 43.5 (mg/dL) | NR | NR | Significant for HDL and TC |
| Ertug et al., 2016 | T2 | 234 ± 46 mg/dL | 241 ± 54 mg/dL | 124 ± 41 mg/dL | 141 ± 52 mg/dL | 64 ± 13 mg/dL | 69 ± 16 mg/dL | 220 ± 78 mg/dL | 160 ± 49 mg/dL | 44 ± 15.60 mg/dL | 32 ± 9.80 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TG and HDL |
| Wang et al., 2015 | T3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 69.99 ± 16.90 mg/dL | 72.70 ± 13.46 mg/dL | 193.01 ± 64.27 mg/dL | 172.65 ± 54.44 mg/dL | 38.60 ± 12.85 mg/dL | 34.53 ± 10.89 mg/dL | 1.24 ± 0.63 | 1.04 ± 0.43 | Significant for TG and TG/HDL |
| Li et al., 2015 | T1 | 185.20 ± 41.75 mg/dL | 176.31 ± 31.70 mg/dL | 84.30 ± 27.84 mg/dL | 80.82 ± 22.81 mg/dL | 71.15 ± 17.79 mg/dL | 76.18 ± 19.33 mg/dL | 142.54 ± 77.91 mg/dL | 111.56 ± 55.78 mg/dL | 28.51 ± 15.58 mg/dL | 22.31 ± 11.16 | NR | NR | Significant |
| dos Santos-Weiss et al., 2013 | T1,T2, and T3 | T1: 193.32 ± 38.66, T2: 216.52 ± 46.39, T3: 233.92 ± 39.51 mg/dL | T1: 185.59 ± 34.80, T2: 228.12 ± 46.40, T3: 241.65 ± 50.26 mg/dL | T1: 96.67 ± 34.37, T2: 100.54 ± 37.22, T3: 129.54 ± 35.80 mg/dL | T1: 108.28 ± 25.77, T2: 143.08 ± 40.10, T3: 137.27 ± 32.94 mg/dL | T1: 46.40 ± 11.60, T2: 58.01 ± 11.60, T3: 56.07 ± 11.60 mg/dL | T1: 54.14 ± 15.47, T2: 61.87 ± 15.47, T3: 61.87 ± 17.40 mg/dL | T1: 221.35 ± 146.60, T2: 194.79 ± 59.26, T3: 230.20 ± 72.22 mg/dL | T1: 97.39 ± 32.59, T2: 150.51 ± 51.85, T3: 172.65 ± 58.82 mg/dL | T1: 44.27 ± 29.32, T2: 38.96 ± 11.85, T3: 46.01 ± 14.44 mg/dL | T1: 19.48 ± 6.52, T2: 30.10 ± 10.37, T3: 34.53 ± 11.76 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant |
| Khan et al., 2012 | T3 | 206 ± 18.79 mg/dL | 195 ± 24.15 mg/dL | 93 ± 18.71 mg/dL | 88 ± 16.35 mg/dL | 55 ± 8.20 mg/dL | 56 ± 8.82 mg/dL | 190 ± 19.83 mg/dL | 172 ± 21.66 mg/dL | 38 ± 3.97 mg/dL | 34.40 ± 4.33 mg/dL | NR | NR | Significant for TC and TG |
| Caglar et al., 2012 | T2 | 239.8 ± 39.7 mg/dL | 232.2 ± 36.7 mg/dL | 138.9 ± 42.1 | 135.6 ± 31.0 mg/dL | 67.5 ± 13.7 mg/dL | 75.3 ± 20.3 mg/dL | 207.9 ± 66.8 mg/dL | 191.1 ± 60.7 mg/dL | 41.58 ± 13.36 mg/dL | 38.22 ± 12.14 mg/dL | NR | NR | Not significant |
| McGrowder et al., 2009 | T3 | 220.77 ± 9.28 mg/dL | 193.71 ± 12.37 mg/dL | 128.38 ± 9.28 mg/dL | 117.94 ± 13.15 mg/dL | 48.34 ± 3.10 mg/dL | 56.07 ± 3.10 mg/dL | 162.02 ± 8.85 mg/dL | 126.61 ± 17.71 mg/dL | 13.14 ± 0.77 mg/dL | 12.75 ± 1.93 mg/dL | 1.24 ± 0.08 | 1.21 ± 0.20 | Significant for TC and TG |
*Odds ratio (OR). Abbreviations: GA, gestational age; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL-C, high-density lipid cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipid cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; NS, not significant, NR: not reported.