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. 2021 Dec 3;12:711905. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711905

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Copyright © 2021 Liu, Zeng, Qu, Wang and Ning.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The gut metabolites were remarkably perturbed by adding CE (n = 6 hens/group). (A) Principal component analyses (PCA) of ileum metabolome. (B) Orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot was performed on ileum in DC and CE groups. In the permutation validation plot (C) (200 cycles) the Y-axis intercepts of R² and Q² are 0.855 and −0.517, respectively, indicating that the model is valid. (D) Volcano plots of ileum profiles showing log₂(fold-change) and −log₁₀(p-value) in metabolites levels induced by adding CE (up-regulated in red and down-regulated in green). The labeled metabolites were of particular interest (| fold change| > 4, p < 0.001).