Table 1.
Participant demographics.
| General participant demographics | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | 265 | 98.5 |
| Male | 1 | .4 |
| Non-binary | 1 | .7 |
| Other | 2 | .7 |
| Race | ||
| African American/African/Black/non-Hispanic | 7 | 2.6 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 7 | 2.6 |
| Hispanic/Latino/Chicano | 17 | 6.3 |
| Non-Resident (International) | 1 | .4 |
| White/non-Hispanic | 228 | 84.8 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 | .7 |
| Multiethnic | 5 | 1.9 |
| Other | 2 | .7 |
| Age | ||
| 18−24 | 8 | 3.0 |
| 24−34 | 156 | 58.0 |
| 35−44 | 105 | 39.0 |
| Highest Level of Education | ||
| High School | 18 | 6.7 |
| Trade School/Vocational | 3 | 1.1 |
| Undergraduate/College | 100 | 37.2 |
| (Post)Graduate School | 148 | 55.0 |
| Relationship Status at Time of Birth | ||
| Married/Living with partner | 263 | 97.8% |
| Partnered/Not cohabitating | 2 | .7% |
| Single, separated, divorced | 4 | 1.5% |
| Birth-related demographics | Na | % |
|---|---|---|
| Type of Provider(s) used for Prenatal Care | ||
| Obstetrician-Gynecologist | 216 | 80.3% |
| Maternal Fetal Medicine Specialist | 73 | 27.1% |
| Family Practice Physician | 9 | 3.3% |
| Midwife | 68 | 25.3% |
| Doula | 30 | 11.2% |
| Other | 6 | 2.2% |
| Type of Provider(s) used for Labor & Birth | ||
| Obstetrician-Gynecologist | 219 | 81.4% |
| Maternal Fetal Medicine Specialist | 18 | 6.7% |
| Family Practice Physician | 4 | 1.5% |
| Midwife | 57 | 21.2% |
| Doula | 27 | 10.0% |
| Other | 3 | 1.1% |
| Type of Birth | ||
| Vaginal | 174 | 64.7% |
| Assisted Vaginal (e.g., use of forceps) | 13 | 4.8% |
| Cesarean | 63 | 23.4% |
| Emergency Cesarean | 19 | 7.1% |
| Obstetric Intervention | ||
| Yes | 107 | 39.8% |
| No | 162 | 60.2% |
| Preterm Birth | ||
| Yes | 36 | 13.4% |
| No | 233 | 86.6% |
| Newborn(s) Required Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | ||
| Yes | 48 | 17.8% |
| No | 220 | 81.8% |
| COVID-19 birth changes | Nb | % |
|---|---|---|
| Prenatal care | ||
| Fewer in-person visits | 161 | 59.9% |
| Use of telehealth visits in place of in-person visits | 129 | 48.0% |
| Masks required | 255 | 94.0% |
| Unable to attend childbirth classes | 236 | 87.7% |
| Unable to tour birthing facility | 190 | 70.6% |
| Other | 31 | 11.5% |
| Labor & birth | ||
| No support person(s) allowed | 8 | 3.0% |
| One support person; same person throughout | 229 | 85.1% |
| One support person; person could differ | 6 | 2.2% |
| Limited length of stay for support person(s) | 19 | 7.1% |
| COVID-19 testing | 182 | 67.7% |
| Required to wear mask | 148 | 55.0% |
| Required self-isolation prior to labor and birth | 34 | 12.6% |
| Limited interaction/access to staff | 61 | 22.7% |
| Separation from newborn | 6 | 2.2% |
| Early discharge | 71 | 26.4% |
| Other | 54 | 20.1% |
| Birth plan | ||
| Did not change birth plan/birth plan not changed due to COVID | 152 | 56.5% |
| Changed location of birth (e.g., out of hospital birth) | 11 | 4.1% |
| Changed support person(s) who were present for labor and birth | 58 | 21.6% |
| Changed provider(s) for prenatal care | 13 | 4.8% |
| Changed provider(s) for labor and birth | 15 | 5.6% |
| Changed planned/anticipated method of birth (e.g., elective induction or cesarean birth) | 22 | 8.2% |
| Change in breastfeeding plan | 5 | 1.9% |
| Change in pain management and/or comfort measures during labor and birth | 27 | 10.0% |
| Other | 33 | 12.3% |
a
Type of provider totals exceed participant totals because participants were able to endorse multiple providers.
b
Totals exceed participant totals because participants may have experienced multiple changes to their care.