TABLE 3.
Factors associated with hypertension, awareness, treatment, and control in adults aged ≥18 years in the Bangladeshi population, BDHS 2017–2018
| Hypertension PR (95% CI) | Awareness PR (95% CI) | Treatment PR (95% CI) | Control PR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual level | ||||
| Age in years (ref: 18–34) | ||||
| °35‐39 | 2.08 (1.84‐2.35)*** | 1.10 (0.89‐1.36) | 1.26 (0.99‐1.59) | 0.82 (0.61‐1.11) |
| °40‐44 | 2.34 (2.06‐2.66)*** | 1.51 (1.27‐1.80)*** | 1.68 (1.13‐1.55)*** | 0.73 (0.55‐0.98)* |
| °45‐49 | 2.83 (2.51‐3.20)*** | 1.52 (1.28‐1.81)*** | 1.87 (1.52‐2.29)*** | 0.64 (0.48‐0.86)*** |
| °50‐54 | 3.32 (2.95‐3.78)*** | 1.72 (1.45‐2.05)*** | 1.94 (1.58‐2.40)*** | 0.70 (0.51‐0.96)* |
| °55‐59 | 3.65 (3.24‐4.11)*** | 1.96 (1.66‐2.33)*** | 2.34 (1.93‐2.85)*** | 0.72 (0.53‐0.96)* |
| °60‐64 | 4.10 (3.64‐4.63)*** | 2.10 (1.79‐2.47)*** | 2.57 2.13‐3.10)*** | 0.70 (0.51‐0.95)* |
| °≥65 | 4.99 (4.46‐5.59)*** | 2.03 (1.72‐2.40)*** | 2.41 (1.98‐2.92)*** | 0.47 (0.35‐0.64)*** |
| °Sex (ref: men) | 1.15 (1.07‐1.23) *** | 1.53 (1.37‐1.70)*** | 1.57 (1.39‐1.79)*** | 1.08 (0.87‐1.36) |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) (ref: normal weight) | ||||
| °Underweight (< 18.5) | 0.73 (0.66‐0.80)*** | 0.80 (0.67‐0.94)*** | 0.77 (0.64‐0.93)*** | 0.95 (0.69‐1.31) |
| °Overweight (23.0‐27.5) | 1.58 (1.47‐1.70)*** | 1.17 (1.06‐1.30)*** | 1.22 (1.09‐1.37)*** | 0.78 (0.64‐0.96)* |
| °Obese (≥ 27.5) | 1.87 (1.71‐2.04)*** | 1.27 (1.12‐1.43)*** | 1.28 (1.11‐1.47)*** | 0.98 (0.78‐1.25) |
| Respondents education (ref: higher education) | ||||
| °No education/pre‐primary | 0.96 (0.86‐1.08) | 0.91 (0.77‐1.07) | 10.96 (0.80‐1.16) | 0.70 (0.52‐0.95)* |
| °Primary | 0.96 (0.86‐1.07) | 1.03 (0.89‐1.20) | 1.04 (0.88‐1.23) | 0.81 (0.61‐1.06) |
| °Secondary | 0.99 (0.90‐1.10) | 1.01 (0.88‐1.17) | 1.07 (0.91‐1.26) | 0.83 (0.65‐1.07) |
| °Currently working (ref: no) | 0.96 (0.89‐1.03) | 0.99 (0.89‐1.10) | 1.00 (0.88‐1.12) | 1.07 (0.88‐1.31) |
| °Diabetes (ref: no) | 1.19 (1.11‐1.28)*** | 1.17 (1.07‐1.28)*** | 1.21 (1.10‐1.33)*** | 0.92 (0.75‐1.12) |
| Household level | ||||
| Wealth quintile (ref: lowest) | ||||
| °Second | 1.04 (0.93‐1.17) | 1.15 (0.96‐1.37) | 1.13 (0.93‐1.36) | 1.00 (0.71‐1.40) |
| °Middle | 1.04 (0.93‐1.17) | 1.24 (1.05‐1.47)*** | 1.30 (1.10‐1.54)*** | 0.95 (0.66‐1.37) |
| °Fourth | 1.09 (0.97‐1.22) | 1.37 (1.15‐1.62)*** | 1.37 (1.15‐1.63)*** | 1.06 (0.76‐1.49) |
| °Highest | 1.11 (0.99‐1.25) | 1.33 (1.11‐1.58)*** | 1.32 (1.10‐1.59)*** | 0.88 (0.60‐1.27) |
| Community level | ||||
| Place of residence (ref: rural) | 1.02 (0.95‐1.10) | 1.04 (0.95‐1.15) | 1.07 (0.97‐1.18) | 1.07 (0.88‐1.30) |
| Administrative division (ref: Barishal) | ||||
| °Chattogram | 0.92 (0.81‐1.04) | 0.97 (0.82‐1.15) | 1.02 (0.87‐1.20) | 1.22 (0.88‐1.69) |
| °Dhaka | 0.75 (0.66‐0.86)*** | 0.98 (0.82‐1.15) | 0.99 (0.84‐1.18) | 0.94 (0.65‐1.35) |
| °Khulna | 0.90 (0.80‐1.01) | 0.96 (0.81‐1.14) | 0.91 (0.76‐1.09) | 0.75 (0.52‐1.07) |
| °Mymensingh | 0.80 (0.70‐0.91)*** | 0.99 (0.83‐1.20) | 1.05 (0.88‐1.26) | 1.39 (0.99‐1.95) |
| °Rajshahi | 0.95 (0.83‐1.08) | 0.95 (0.79‐1.13) | 0.84 (0.69‐1.02) | 0.67 (0.44‐1.02) |
| °Rangpur | 1.08 (0.96‐1.21) | 0.84 (0.69‐1.01) | 0.76 (0.62‐0.93)*** | 0.81 (0.55‐1.19) |
| °Sylhet | 0.94 (0.83‐1.08) | 1.13 (0.94‐1.36) | 1.22 (1.02‐1.47)*** | 1.10 (0.78‐1.55) |
Abbreviations: BDHS, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey; PR , Prevalence ratio; CI , confidence interval.
The final model adjusted for the individual, household, and the community level factors using mixed effect multilevel Poisson regression model.
Hypertension is defined as having systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or taking any prescribed drugs to control blood pressure. Awareness of hypertension was defined as a self‐reported previous diagnosis of hypertension by a doctor or nurse in people with confirmed hypertension. Treatment of hypertension was defined as self‐reported use of a prescription antihypertensive medication for management of hypertension. Control of hypertension was defined as receiving antihypertensive medication and having an average systolic blood pressure below 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg.
p value < .05.
p value < .01.