TABLE 1.
Main characteristic of the included studies
| First author/ Year | Country | Study design | Participants | Sample size (% males) | Median/mean age (years) b | UACR cutoff (mg/g) | HYP case | RR/HR (95% CI) | Follow‐up (years) | Adjustment for covariates | Total NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forman. 2008 5 | USA | P | Postmenopausal women | 1065 (0) | 65 (60‐70) | Quartile 4 vs. 1; >6.5 vs.<1.0 | 271 | 5.4 (3.7–23.8) | 4.0 | Age, BMI, eGFR, baseline BP, physical activity, smoking, family history of hypertension | 7 |
| Forman. 2008 5 | USA | P | Premenopausal women | 1114 (0) | 44 (41‐47) | Quartile 4 vs. 1; >6.5 vs.<1.0 | 296 | 1.35 (0.97–1.91) | 8.0 | Age, BMI, eGFR, baseline BP, physical activity, smoking, family history of hypertension | 8 |
| Jessani 2012 7 | Pakistan | P | Normotensive non‐diabetic adults | 920 (52.4) | 48.8 ± 9.4 | Quartile 4 vs. 1; >7.0 vs.<2.0 | 105 | 2.45 (1.21–4.98) | 2.0 | Age, sex, census, cluster assignment to home health education | 6 |
| Park 2014 8 | Korea | P | Men on medical check‐up | 1284 (100) | 50.9 ± 10.5 | Quartile 4 vs. 1; ≥5.54 vs.<2.84 | 284 | 1.89 (1.31–2.71) | 3.2 | BMI, DM, SBP, TC, hsCRP, eGFR, recent smoking, alcohol intake, regular exercise. | 7 |
| Takase 2015 9 | Japan | R | Normotensive on medical check‐up | 6205 (61.8) | 53.4 ± 11.4. | Quartile 4 vs. 1; >7.04 vs.<1.82 | 1184 | 1.53 (1.30–1.80) | 3.0 | BMI, SBP, heart rate, eGFR, uric acid, fasting plasma glucose, LDL, TG, current smoking, family history of hypertension | 8 |
| Hirayama 2015 6 | Japan | P | Normotensive community‐based persons | 412 (39.3) | 56.9 ± 8.6 | Tertile 3 vs.1; >10 vs.<5 | 133 | 2.67 (1.36–5.38) | 6.7 | Age, sex, alcohol, smoking, BMI, 24‐h urinary excretion of sodium, HbA1c, BP categories at baseline | 6 |
| Huang 2015 10 | USA | P | Normotensive general population | 5215 (NP) | 62.6 ± 5.6 | Quintile 5 vs. 1; ≥9.14 vs.<1.36 | 2175 | 1.26 (1.08‐1.46) a | 9.8 | Age, sex, race, BMI, alcohol, smoking, DM, prevalent stroke, TC, education, physical activity, eGFR, SBP, DBP | 8 |
| Sung 2016 11 | Korea | R | Individuals on health screening | 9102 (53.3) | 42.7 ± 10.3 | Quartile 4 vs. 1; ≥7.4 vs.<3.4 | 963 | 1.97 (1.52–2.55) | 11 | Age, sex, center, screening examination, smoking, alcohol, regular exercise, education level, SBP, BMI, eGFR, LDL, HDL | 8 |
| Yadav 2016 12 | Korea | P | Normotensive general population | 1173 (37.7) | 53.5 ± 8.4 | Tertile 3 vs.1; ≥9.37 vs.< 5.38 (M); ≥11.6 vs.< 6.17 (W) | 123 |
1.83 (0.85–3.94) M 2.69 (1.27–5.73) W |
2.6 | Age, BMI, muscle mass, SBP, DM, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, fasting serum glucose, TG, HDL, hs‐CRP, eGFR | 8 |
| Munakata 2017 18 | Japan | P | Normotensive general population | 1281 (34.3) | 58 ± 12.3 | Quartile 4 vs. 1 | 315 | 1.67 (1.15–2.42) | 3.7 | Age, sex, BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, LDL, HbA1c, uric acid, eGFR, smoking, exercise habits, heavy drinking | 7 |
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confidence intervals; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; HYP, hypertension; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; M, men; NOS, Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale; P, prospective; R, retrospective; RR, risk ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UACR, urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio; W, women.
Excluding those with ACR ≥300 mg/g.
Age was expressed by median (interquartile range) or mean (standard deviation).