TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics between low morning surge and elevated morning surge group
| Variables | Non‐ MBPS group (No. = 210) | MBPS group (No. = 94) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.18±11.04 | 71.10±9.49 | .121 |
| Male (no., %) | 90 (42.9) | 43 (45.7) | .639 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.89±4.51 | 24.39±3.99 | .366 |
| Smoking (no., %) | 33 (15.7) | 15 (16.0) | .957 |
| Alcohol (no., %) | 29 (13.8) | 17 (18.1) | .336 |
| CV history (no., %) | 91 (43.3) | 32 (34.0) | .127 |
| DM (no., %) | 150 (71.4) | 69 (73.4) | .723 |
| DKD (no., %) | 122 (58.1) | 50 (53.2) | .425 |
| CCB (no., %) | 130 (61.9) | 58 (61.7) | .973 |
| RAS (no., %)) | 110 (52.4) | 41 (43.6) | .158 |
| Diuretic (no., %) | 31 (14.8) | 9 (9.6) | .216 |
| β blocker (no., %) | 71 (33.8) | 26 (27.7) | .288 |
| α blocker (no., %) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (4.3) | .033 |
| Numbers of drugs (> 2) (no., %) | 43 (20.5) | 13 (13.8) | .167 |
| LVH (no., %) | 40 (19.0) | 21 (22.3) | .508 |
| Red blood cells (1012/L) | 4.14±0.71 | 4.12±0.69 | .894 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 122.71±21.04 | 121.86±19.94 | .742 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 154 (117.8, 207) | 169 (136.8, 225.3) | .012 |
| White blood cells (109/L) | 6.10 (4.76, 7.59) | 6.44 (5.21, 7.61) | .351 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 68.30±7.06 | 69.60±6.88 | .135 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 39.15 (35.90, 42.43) | 39.95 (37.08, 42.83) | .186 |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 104.0 (87.6, 130.1) | 117.3 (97.7, 136.8) | .009 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 360.2±112.5 | 399.1±127.2 | .004 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.51) | 1.08 (0.80, 1.68) | .508 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 51.0 (39.5, 62.4) | 48.0 (36.5, 58.3) | .072 |
| Kalium (mmol/L) | 3.99 (3.68, 4.32) | 4.10 (3.82, 4.38) | .063 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.85 (137.10, 142.60) | 140.75 (138.17, 142.75) | .172 |
| Chlorine (mmol/L) | 106.5 (103.2, 109.8) | 107.9 (104.8, 110.9) | .03 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.31±0.18 | 2.33±0.16 | .465 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.18) | .671 |
| Magnesium (mmol/L) | 0.86±0.11 | 0.86±0.10 | .951 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.37 (3.63, 5.18) | 4.46 (3.65, 5.15) | .944 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.33 (0.92, 2.27) | 1.39 (0.87, 2.24) | .924 |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.48) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.56) | .472 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 2.89±1.05 | 2.83±1.10 | .668 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/ m2) | 81.90 (72.45, 100.71) | 86.52 (73.34, 98.04) | .606 |
| UACR | 89.60 (38.00, 249.22) | 108.46 (36.61, 359.85) | .495 |
Abbreviations: CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease. UACR, Urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio; CV, cardiovascular; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MBPS, morning blood pressure surge. BMI, body mass index; RAS, renin‐ angiotensin system.