TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants
| Baseline (n = 8850) | Follow‐up (n = 7249) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.9 ± 13.1 | 59.8 ± 12.6 |
| Male sex (%) | 33.5 | 33.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3 ± 3.3 | 22.2 ± 3.3 |
| Smoking habit (current/past/never, %) | 14.7/19.8/65.5 | 10.4/21.0/68.5 |
| Blood pressure | ||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 124 ± 18 | 125 ± 18 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 76 ± 11 | 72 ± 11 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 69 ± 10 | 68 ± 10 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 16.3 | 25.5 |
| Hypertension (%) | 30.6 | 37.5 |
| Glycemic markers | ||
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 90 ± 15 | 88 ± 15 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.5 |
| Hypoglycemic medication (%) | 2.7 | 5.0 |
| Diabetes (%) | 4.1 | 3.9 |
| Lipid markers | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 65 ± 17 | 67 ± 17 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 124 ± 31 | 119 ± 29 |
| Lipid‐lowering medication (%) | 11.6 | 21.7 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 41.2 | 43.1 |
| Renal function | ||
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 79.2 ± 15.6 | 76.5 ± 14.6 |
| Urinary albumin (mg/day) | 19 ± 81 | 18 ± 76 |
| Albuminuria (%) | 8.8 | 8.2 |
| CKD (%) | 16.0 | 17.0 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 17.0 ± 19.3 | 21.9 ± 22.2 |
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1,265 ± 216 | 1,313 ± 239 |
| CAVI | 7.40 ± 1.09 | 7.91 ± 1.15 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation or frequency. Hypertension was defined as either systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive drugs. Diabetes was defined as either fasting (≥6 h after last meal) glucose ≥126 mg/dl, nonfasting glucose ≥200 mg/dl, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5%, or using hypoglycemic drugs. Dyslipidemia was defined as either high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol <40 mg/dl, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ≥140 mg/dl, or taking lipid‐lowering drugs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, or albuminuria (urinary albumin ≥30 mg/day).
Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CAVI, cardio‐ankle vascular index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.