TABLE 3.
Age‐standardized prevalence of hypertension, hypertension severities, and phenotypes in Chinese adults, CHNS 1991‐2015
| Variable | 1991 (n = 8604) | 1993 (n = 8203) | 1997 (n = 8592) | 2000 (n = 9473) | 2004 (n = 9209) | 2006 (n = 9165) | 2009 (n = 9499) | 2011 (n = 12 542) | 2015 (n = 11 296) | AAI (mmHg) | Average relative increase (%) | P for age‐adjusted trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prehypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 30.1 (29.1‐31.1) | 33.4 (32.4‐34.4) | 36.9 (35.9‐37.9) | 38.4 (37.5‐39.4) | 41.3 (40.2‐42.4) | 41.6 (40.5‐42.8) | 41.0 (39.9‐42.1) | 42.4 (41.4‐43.4) | 43.1 (41.9‐44.2) | 0.5 | 1.8 | <.001 |
| Age‐group | ||||||||||||
| 18‐39 years | 26.8 (25.5‐28.1) | 30.6 (29.2‐32.1) | 35.4 (33.9‐37.0) | 35.9 (34.3‐37.4) | 40.7 (38.8‐42.6) | 39.6 (37.6‐41.7) | 37.3 (35.3‐39.3) | 38.3 (36.5‐40.1) | 41.0 (38.8‐43.2) | 0.6 | 2.2 | <.001 |
| 40‐59 years | 33.7 (32.0‐35.5) | 36.7 (35.0‐38.5) | 39.9 (38.2‐41.6) | 42.2 (40.7‐43.8) | 44.2 (42.7‐45.8) | 45.4 (43.9‐46.9) | 46.2 (44.7‐47.7) | 47.4 (46.1‐48.7) | 45.8 (44.4‐47.2) | 0.5 | 1.5 | <.001 |
| ≥60 years | 31.1 (28.6‐33.8) | 33.7 (31.2‐36.3) | 34.2 (31.9‐36.6) | 37.2 (35.0‐39.4) | 36.4 (34.3‐38.4) | 38.8 (36.8‐40.8) | 39.6 (37.8‐41.5) | 42.9 (41.3‐44.5) | 42.6 (41.1‐44.1) | 0.5 | 1.5 | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 34.5 (33.0‐36.0) | 38.3 (36.7‐39.8) | 41.0 (39.5‐42.5) | 44.2 (42.8‐45.7) | 47.2 (45.6‐48.8) | 47.8 (46.1‐49.4) | 46.2 (44.5‐47.8) | 49.4 (47.9‐50.9) | 48.9 (47.1‐50.7) | 0.6 | 1.7 | <.001 |
| Female | 26.0 (24.8‐27.3) | 29.0 (27.7‐30.4) | 32.7 (31.3‐34.1) | 33.0 (31.7‐34.4) | 35.4 (34.0‐36.9) | 35.8 (34.3‐37.4) | 36.0 (34.5‐37.5) | 36.4 (35.1‐37.7) | 38.2 (36.7‐39.7) | 0.5 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 15.7 (15.0‐16.5) | 16.4 (15.7‐17.2) | 19.2 (18.5‐20.0) | 18.7 (18.0‐19.4) | 18.5 (17.8‐19.3) | 16.9 (16.2‐17.6) | 20.9 (20.1‐21.6) | 17.3 (16.7‐17.9) | 23.3 (22.5‐24.1) | 0.3 | 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Age‐group | ||||||||||||
| 18‐39 years | 4.5 (3.9‐5.1) | 5.5 (4.9‐6.3) | 7.2 (6.4‐8.0) | 6.6 (5.8‐7.4) | 7.0 (6.1‐8.0) | 6.0 (5.1‐7.0) | 8.0 (7.0‐9.2) | 5.7 (4.9‐6.6) | 10.3 (9.0‐11.7) | 0.2 | 5.4 | <.001 |
| 40‐59 years | 17.4 (16.1‐18.8) | 17.8 (16.5‐19.3) | 21.2 (19.9‐22.7) | 21.6 (20.3‐22.9) | 21.2 (20.0‐22.5) | 19.6 (18.4‐20.8) | 25.2 (23.9‐26.5) | 21.3 (20.3‐22.4) | 28.7 (27.4‐30.0) | 0.5 | 2.7 | <.001 |
| ≥60 years | 42.8 (40.1‐45.6) | 43.1 (40.4‐45.8) | 47.8 (45.3‐50.3) | 45.5 (43.2‐47.9) | 44.3 (42.2‐46.4) | 40.7 (38.7‐42.7) | 46.3 (44.4‐48.2) | 40.3 (38.8‐41.9) | 47.1 (45.5‐48.6) | 0.2 | 0.4 | .005 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 17.3 (16.2‐18.4) | 18.0 (16.8‐19.2) | 21.6 (20.5‐22.8) | 20.8 (19.7‐21.9) | 21.3 (20.1‐22.4) | 19.5 (18.4‐20.7) | 24.3 (23.0‐25.5) | 20.1 (19.1‐21.1) | 28.4 (27.0‐29.8) | 0.5 | 2.7 | <.001 |
| Female | 14.4 (13.4‐15.4) | 15.0 (14.0‐16.0) | 16.9 (15.9‐17.9) | 16.7 (15.8‐17.6) | 15.9 (15.1‐16.8) | 14.5 (13.7‐15.4) | 17.6 (16.8‐18.5) | 14.9 (14.2‐15.6) | 19.3 (18.4‐20.2) | 0.2 | 1.4 | <.001 |
| Stage 1 hypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 10.1 (9.5‐10.8) | 11.4 (10.7‐12.1) | 13.2 (12.6‐14.0) | 12.8 (12.2‐13.5) | 12.8 (12.1‐13.4) | 11.7 (11.1‐12.3) | 13.5 (12.9‐14.2) | 12.0 (11.5‐12.6) | 15.6 (14.8‐16.3) | 0.2 | 2.2 | <.001 |
| Age‐group | ||||||||||||
| 18‐39 years | 3.9 (3.4‐4.5) | 4.8 (4.2‐5.5) | 6.2 (5.4‐7.0) | 5.4 (4.8‐6.2) | 5.9 (5.1‐6.8) | 4.8 (4.0‐5.7) | 6.0 (5.1‐7.0) | 4.8 (4.1‐5.6) | 8.1 (7.0‐9.4) | 0.2 | 4.5 | <.001 |
| 40‐59 years | 11.6 (10.4‐12.8) | 12.9 (11.7‐14.2) | 14.6 (13.5‐15.9) | 14.9 (13.8‐16.0) | 14.5 (13.4‐15.6) | 13.6 (12.6‐14.7) | 16.1 (15.1‐17.2) | 14.5 (13.6‐15.4) | 18.3 (17.2‐19.4) | 0.3 | 2.4 | <.001 |
| ≥60 years | 24.0 (21.7‐26.5) | 25.8 (23.5‐28.3) | 29.6 (27.3‐31.9) | 28.6 (26.6‐30.8) | 27.7 (25.8‐29.7) | 26.4 (24.6‐28.2) | 28.3 (26.6‐30.0) | 26.5 (25.1‐28) | 29.8 (28.4‐31.2) | 0.2 | 1.0 | .004 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 11.7 (10.7‐12.7) | 12.9 (11.9‐14.0) | 15.4 (14.4‐16.5) | 15.1 (14.1‐16.1) | 15.5 (14.5‐16.5) | 13.9 (12.9‐14.9) | 16.0 (15.0‐17.1) | 14.6 (13.7‐15.5) | 18.9 (17.7‐20.2) | 0.3 | 2.6 | <.001 |
| Female | 8.8 (8.0‐9.7) | 10.0 (9.1‐10.9) | 11.2 (10.3‐12.1) | 10.8 (10.0‐11.6) | 10.2 (9.4‐10.9) | 9.7 (9.0‐10.5) | 11.1 (10.4‐11.9) | 9.8 (9.2‐10.5) | 12.9 (12.1‐13.7) | 0.2 | 1.9 | <.001 |
| Stage 2 hypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 5.5 (5.0‐6.0) | 4.9 (4.5‐5.4) | 5.9 (5.4‐6.4) | 5.6 (5.2‐6.1) | 5.5 (5.1‐5.9) | 4.9 (4.6‐5.3) | 7.1 (6.6‐7.6) | 4.9 (4.5‐5.2) | 7.4 (6.9‐7.8) | 0.1 | 1.5 | <.001 |
| Age‐group | ||||||||||||
| 18‐39 years | 0.5 (0.3‐0.7) | 0.7 (0.4‐1.0) | 1.0 (0.7‐1.4) | 1.1 (0.8‐1.4) | 1.0 (0.7‐1.4) | 1.2 (0.8‐1.7) | 2.0 (1.5‐2.7) | 0.9 (0.6‐1.3) | 2.1 (1.6‐2.8) | 0.1 | 14.1 | <.001 |
| 40‐59 years | 5.7 (4.9‐6.6) | 4.8 (4.0‐5.6) | 6.5 (5.7‐7.4) | 6.5 (5.8‐7.3) | 6.4 (5.7‐7.2) | 5.7 (5.0‐6.4) | 8.7 (7.9‐9.6) | 6.3 (5.7‐6.9) | 9.9 (9.1‐10.8) | 0.2 | 3.1 | <.001 |
| ≥60 years | 18.6 (16.5‐20.9) | 17.0 (15.0‐19.2) | 17.9 (16.1‐20.0) | 16.1 (14.5‐17.9) | 15.9 (14.4‐17.5) | 13.5 (12.2‐15.0) | 17.2 (15.8‐18.7) | 12.5 (11.5‐13.6) | 16.3 (15.2‐17.5) | −0.1 | −0.5 | .071 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 5.5 (4.8‐6.2) | 4.9 (4.2‐5.6) | 6.2 (5.5‐6.9) | 5.6 (5.0‐6.2) | 5.6 (5.0‐6.2) | 5.4 (4.8‐6.1) | 8.0 (7.3‐8.8) | 5.2 (4.7‐5.7) | 9.1 (8.3‐9.9) | 0.2 | 2.8 | <.001 |
| Female | 5.5 (4.8‐6.2) | 4.9 (4.3‐5.6) | 5.6 (5.0‐6.3) | 5.6 (5.1‐6.2) | 5.4 (4.9‐6.0) | 4.5 (4.0‐5.0) | 6.2 (5.6‐6.7) | 4.6 (4.2‐5.0) | 6.0 (5.5‐6.5) | 0.0 | 0.4 | <.001 |
| ISH (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 3.6 (3.2‐4.1) | 3.1 (2.7‐3.5) | 4.8 (4.4‐5.3) | 4.0 (3.7‐4.4) | 4.9 (4.5‐5.3) | 4.3 (3.9‐4.6) | 4.9 (4.5‐5.2) | 5.2 (4.9‐5.5) | 6.4 (6.0‐6.8) | 0.1 | 3.1 | <.001 |
| Age‐group | ||||||||||||
| 18‐39 years | 0.3 (0.1‐0.5) | 0.5 (0.3‐0.7) | 1.0 (0.7‐1.4) | 0.5 (0.3‐0.8) | 1.0 (0.7‐1.4) | 0.6 (0.4‐1.0) | 1.1 (0.7‐1.7) | 0.9 (0.6‐1.3) | 1.3 (0.9‐1.9) | 0.0 | 16.1 | <.001 |
| 40‐59 years | 2.7 (2.1‐3.3) | 2.0 (1.5‐2.6) | 4.0 (3.4‐4.8) | 3.1 (2.6‐3.7) | 3.0 (2.6‐3.6) | 3.6 (3.1‐4.1) | 3.5 (3.0‐4.1) | 4.0 (3.5‐4.5) | 5.4 (4.8‐6.0) | 0.1 | 4.3 | <.001 |
| ≥60 years | 14.9 (13.0‐17.1) | 12.7 (10.9‐14.7) | 17.1 (15.2‐19.1) | 15.6 (14.0‐17.4) | 19.5 (17.9‐21.2) | 15.8 (14.3‐17.3) | 18.1 (16.6‐19.6) | 19.6 (18.4‐21.0) | 22.4 (21.1‐23.7) | 0.3 | 2.1 | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 3.4 (2.8‐4.0) | 2.7 (2.3‐3.3) | 4.9 (4.3‐5.6) | 4.0 (3.5‐4.6) | 5.0 (4.4‐5.6) | 4.3 (3.8‐4.9) | 4.7 (4.2‐5.4) | 5.1 (4.6‐5.6) | 6.1 (5.5‐6.7) | 0.1 | 3.3 | <.001 |
| Female | 3.8 (3.3‐4.4) | 3.4 (2.9‐4.0) | 4.7 (4.1‐5.3) | 4.0 (3.5‐4.5) | 4.7 (4.3‐5.3) | 4.2 (3.8‐4.7) | 4.9 (4.5‐5.4) | 5.3 (4.9‐5.7) | 6.6 (6.2‐7.2) | 0.1 | 3.1 | <.001 |
| IDH (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 5.1 (4.6‐5.6) | 6.5 (5.9‐7.0) | 6.7 (6.2‐7.2) | 6.6 (6.1‐7.1) | 6.2 (5.7‐6.7) | 6.0 (5.5‐6.5) | 6.9 (6.3‐7.4) | 5.1 (4.7‐5.5) | 6.2 (5.7‐6.8) | 0.0 | 0.9 | .132 |
| Age‐group | ||||||||||||
| 18‐39 years | 3.2 (2.7‐3.8) | 4.1 (3.6‐4.8) | 4.7 (4.1‐5.4) | 4.4 (3.8‐5.1) | 4.4 (3.7‐5.2) | 3.9 (3.2‐4.8) | 5.1 (4.3‐6.1) | 3.6 (3.0‐4.3) | 5.8 (4.8‐6.9) | 0.1 | 3.4 | <.001 |
| 40‐59 years | 7.2 (6.3‐8.2) | 8.2 (7.3‐9.3) | 8.4 (7.5‐9.4) | 8.5 (7.7‐9.5) | 8.5 (7.6‐9.4) | 7.9 (7.2‐8.8) | 9.2 (8.4‐10.1) | 7.1 (6.5‐7.8) | 7.6 (6.9‐8.4) | 0.0 | 0.2 | .316 |
| ≥60 years | 5.7 (4.5‐7.1) | 9.1 (7.6‐10.8) | 8.4 (7.1‐9.9) | 8.1 (6.9‐9.5) | 6.1 (5.1‐7.2) | 7.4 (6.4‐8.5) | 6.4 (5.6‐7.5) | 4.6 (4.0‐5.4) | 4.3 (3.7‐4.9) | −0.1 | −1.0 | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 6.3 (5.6‐7.1) | 8.1 (7.3‐9.0) | 8.3 (7.5‐9.2) | 8.4 (7.6‐9.2) | 8.3 (7.5‐9.2) | 7.8 (7.0‐8.6) | 9.3 (8.4‐10.3) | 7.0 (6.3‐7.7) | 8.9 (7.9‐10.0) | 0.1 | 1.7 | .029 |
| Female | 4.0 (3.4‐4.6) | 5.0 (4.4‐5.7) | 5.1 (4.5‐5.8) | 4.9 (4.3‐5.5) | 4.2 (3.6‐4.8) | 4.4 (3.9‐5.0) | 4.6 (4.1‐5.2) | 3.4 (3.0‐3.9) | 4.0 (3.5‐4.6) | 0.0 | 0.0 | .912 |
| SDH (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 6.9 (6.4‐7.4) | 6.7 (6.2‐7.3) | 7.6 (7.1‐8.2) | 7.9 (7.4‐8.4) | 7.2 (6.8‐7.7) | 6.4 (5.9‐6.8) | 8.9 (8.4‐9.4) | 6.6 (6.3‐7.0) | 10.4 (9.9‐10.9) | 0.1 | 2.1 | <.001 |
| Age‐group | ||||||||||||
| 18‐39 years | 0.9 (0.7‐1.3) | 0.9 (0.6‐1.2) | 1.5 (1.2‐1.9) | 1.6 (1.3‐2.0) | 1.6 (1.2‐2.1) | 1.4 (1.0‐1.9) | 1.8 (1.3‐2.4) | 1.3 (0.9‐1.7) | 3.2 (2.5‐4.0) | 0.1 | 9.9 | <.001 |
| 40‐59 years | 7.4 (6.5‐8.4) | 7.5 (6.6‐8.5) | 8.6 (7.7‐9.7) | 9.7 (8.8‐10.7) | 9.4 (8.5‐10.3) | 7.8 (7.1‐8.6) | 12.2 (11.2‐13.2) | 9.7 (8.9‐10.4) | 15.2 (14.3‐16.3) | 0.3 | 4.4 | <.001 |
| ≥60 years | 22.0 (19.8‐24.4) | 21.1 (18.9‐23.5) | 22.0 (20.0‐24.2) | 21.0 (19.2‐23.0) | 18.0 (16.4‐19.7) | 16.8 (15.3‐18.4) | 21.0 (19.5‐22.6) | 14.8 (13.7‐16.0) | 19.5 (18.3‐20.7) | ‐0.1 | ‐0.5 | .005 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 7.4 (6.6‐8.3) | 7.0 (6.2‐7.8) | 8.3 (7.5‐9.2) | 8.2 (7.5‐9.0) | 7.8 (7.1‐8.5) | 7.2 (6.5‐7.9) | 10.0 (9.3‐10.9) | 7.7 (7.1‐8.3) | 13.0 (12.1‐14.0) | 0.2 | 3.2 | <.001 |
| Female | 6.4 (5.7‐7.2) | 6.5 (5.8‐7.3) | 7.0 (6.3‐7.7) | 7.5 (6.9‐8.2) | 6.7 (6.1‐7.3) | 5.6 (5.1‐6.1) | 7.8 (7.2‐8.4) | 5.7 (5.3‐6.2) | 8.2 (7.6‐8.8) | 0.1 | 1.2 | <.001 |
| Controlled hypertension (%, 95% CI) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 0.1 (0.1‐0.2) | 0.1 (0.1‐0.2) | 0.1 (0‐0.2) | 0.2 (0.2‐0.4) | 0.3 (0.2‐0.4) | 0.2 (0.2‐0.4) | 0.3 (0.2‐0.4) | 0.4 (0.3‐0.5) | 0.4 (0.3‐0.5) | 0.0 | 6.9 | <.001 |
| Age‐group | ||||||||||||
| 18‐39 years | 0.1 (0.0‐0.2) | 0.1 (0‐0.2) | 0.0 (0.0‐0.0) | 0.1 (0.0‐0.2) | 0.0 (0.0‐0.2) | 0.1 (0.0‐0.2) | 0.0 (0.0‐0.0) | 0.0 (0.0‐0.0) | 0.1 (0.0‐0.3) | 0.0 | ‐0.8 | .634 |
| 40‐59 years | 0.2 (0.1‐0.4) | 0.1 (0.1‐0.4) | 0.1 (0‐0.3) | 0.2 (0.1‐0.4) | 0.4 (0.2‐0.6) | 0.3 (0.1‐0.5) | 0.3 (0.2‐0.5) | 0.5 (0.4‐0.8) | 0.5 (0.3‐0.7) | 0.0 | 6.9 | <.001 |
| ≥60 years | 0.2 (0.1‐0.6) | 0.2 (0.1‐0.7) | 0.3 (0.1‐0.7) | 0.8 (0.5‐1.3) | 0.8 (0.5‐1.2) | 0.8 (0.5‐1.2) | 0.8 (0.6‐1.3) | 1.3 (1‐1.7) | 1.0 (0.7‐1.3) | 0.0 | 15.8 | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 0.1 (0.1‐0.3) | 0.2 (0.1‐0.4) | 0.1 (0.0‐0.2) | 0.2 (0.1‐0.3) | 0.2 (0.1‐0.4) | 0.2 (0.1‐0.4) | 0.2 (0.1‐0.3) | 0.4 (0.3‐0.5) | 0.4 (0.2‐0.5) | 0.0 | 6.3 | <.001 |
| Female | 0.1 (0.1‐0.3) | 0.1 (0.0‐0.2) | 0.1 (0.0‐0.3) | 0.3 (0.2‐0.5) | 0.3 (0.2‐0.5) | 0.3 (0.2‐0.4) | 0.3 (0.2‐0.5) | 0.5 (0.4‐0.6) | 0.4 (0.3‐0.5) | 0.0 | 7.5 | <.001 |
AAI, average annual increase, AAI was computed by dividing the difference of prevalence between 1991 and 2015 by the number of years covered; ARI=average relative increase, ARI was calculated by dividing the average annual change by the baseline prevalence in 1991; the prevalence estimates were age‐standardized to the China 2010 Census population; and age‐adjusted trends in prevalence from 1991 to 2015 were assessed by the generalized estimating equation method.