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. 2021 Jun 15;23(7):1302–1315. doi: 10.1111/jch.14306

TABLE 4.

Multivariable odds ratios of demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors for hypertension, hypertension severities, and phenotypes

Characteristic Prehypertension Hypertension Stage 1 hypertension Stage 2 hypertension ISH IDH SDH
Odds ratio (95% CI) P value Odds ratio (95% CI) P value Odds ratio (95% CI) P value Odds ratio (95% CI) P value Odds ratio (95% CI) P value Odds ratio (95% CI) P value Odds ratio (95% CI) P value
Survey year
1991 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference)
1993 1.2 (1.1‐1.3) <.001 1.2 (1.1‐1.3) <.001 1.3 (1.1‐1.4) <.001 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .952 1.0 (0.9‐1.2) .854 1.4 (1.2‐1.5) <.001 1.0 (1.0‐1.1) .364
1997 1.5 (1.4‐1.6) <.001 1.6 (1.5‐1.7) <.001 1.7 (1.5‐1.8) <.001 1.4 (1.2‐1.5) <.001 1.9 (1.6‐2.2) <.001 1.6 (1.4‐1.8) <.001 1.3 (1.2‐1.5) <.001
2000 1.5 (1.4‐1.7) <.001 1.5 (1.4‐1.7) <.001 1.6 (1.5‐1.8) <.001 1.4 (1.2‐1.6) <.001 1.6 (1.3‐1.9) <.001 1.6 (1.4‐1.8) <.001 1.5 (1.3‐1.6) <.001
2004 1.7 (1.6‐1.9) <.001 1.8 (1.6‐1.9) <.001 1.8 (1.7‐2.0) <.001 1.6 (1.5‐1.8) <.001 2.0 (1.7‐2.3) <.001 1.6 (1.4‐1.8) <.001 1.6 (1.5‐1.8) <.001
2006 1.7 (1.6‐1.8) <.001 1.6 (1.5‐1.7) <.001 1.7 (1.5‐1.9) <.001 1.4 (1.2‐1.6) <.001 1.8 (1.5‐2.1) <.001 1.6 (1.4‐1.8) <.001 1.4 (1.2‐1.5) <.001
2009 2.1 (1.9‐2.2) <.001 2.2 (2‐2.4) <.001 2.4 (2.1‐2.6) <.001 1.9 (1.7‐2.2) <.001 2.5 (2.1‐2.9) <.001 2.0 (1.8‐2.3) <.001 2.0 (1.8‐2.3) <.001
2011 1.9 (1.8‐2.1) <.001 1.9 (1.7‐2.1) <.001 2.0 (1.8‐2.2) <.001 1.7 (1.5‐1.9) <.001 2.3 (2.0‐2.7) <.001 1.4 (1.2‐1.6) <.001 1.8 (1.6‐2.0) <.001
2015 2.5 (2.3‐2.8) <.001 3.0 (2.7‐3.3) <.001 3.1 (2.7‐3.4) <.001 2.4 (2.1‐2.7) <.001 3.9 (3.2‐4.6) <.001 2.0 (1.7‐2.3) <.001 2.6 (2.3‐3.0) <.001
Age‐group
18‐39 years 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference)
40‐59 years 1.8 (1.7‐1.9) <.001 3.5 (3.3‐3.7) <.001 3.4 (3.2‐3.6) <.001 5.0 (4.5‐5.6) <.001 6.5 (5.7‐7.4) <.001 2.6 (2.4‐2.8) <.001 5.4 (4.9‐5.9) <.001
≥60 years 3.2 (3.0‐3.4) <.001 9.5 (8.8‐10.2) <.001 9.8 (9.1‐10.7) <.001 14.3 (12.7‐16.1) <.001 40.2 (34.6‐46.6) <.001 3.7 (3.3‐4.2) <.001 13.1 (11.8‐14.6) <.001
Sex
Male 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference)
Female 0.5 (0.5‐0.6) <.001 0.5 (0.5‐0.5) <.001 0.5 (0.5‐0.5) <.001 0.6 (0.5‐0.6) <.001 0.7 (0.6‐0.8) <.001 0.4 (0.4‐0.4) <.001 0.5 (0.5‐0.6) <.001
Marital status
Single 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference)
Married 1.1 (1.1‐1.2) <.001 1.0 (1.0‐1.1) .16 1.0 (1.0‐1.1) .355 0.9 (0.9‐1.0) .148 0.8 (0.7‐0.9) <.001 1.3 (1.2‐1.4) <.001 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .604
Education
No formal education 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference)
Primary education 0.9 (0.9‐1.0) .075 0.8 (0.7‐0.8) <.001 0.8 (0.8‐0.9) <.001 0.8 (0.7‐0.8) <.001 0.8 (0.7‐0.9) <.001 0.9 (0.8‐1.0) .086 0.8 (0.7‐0.9) <.001
Middle education 0.9 (0.8‐0.9) <.001 0.6 (0.6‐0.7) <.001 0.7 (0.6‐0.8) <.001 0.6 (0.6‐0.7) <.001 0.6 (0.6‐0.7) <.001 0.8 (0.7‐0.9) <.001 0.7 (0.6‐0.7) <.001
Higher education 0.8 (0.7‐0.8) <.001 0.5 (0.4‐0.5) <.001 0.5 (0.4‐0.5) <.001 0.5 (0.4‐0.5) <.001 0.5 (0.4‐0.5) <.001 0.6 (0.5‐0.7) <.001 0.5 (0.4‐0.5) <.001
Economic status
Poor 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference)
Middle 1.0 (1.0‐1.1) .177 1.1 (1.0‐1.1) .023 1.0 (1.0‐1.1) .122 1.1 (1‐1.1) .088 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .622 1.1 (1.0‐1.1) .106 1.1 (1.0‐1.1) .051
Rich 1.1 (1.0‐1.1) .005 1.1 (1.1‐1.2) <.001 1.1 (1.0‐1.2) .003 1.1 (1.0‐1.2) .005 1.1 (1.0‐1.2) .060 1.2 (1.1‐1.3) .001 1.1 (1.0‐1.2) .005
Setting
Rural 1 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1 (reference) 1 (reference) 1 (reference) 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
Urban 1.0 (0.9‐1.0) .631 1.0 (0.9‐1.0) .144 1.0 (0.9‐1.0) .365 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .864 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .506 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .763 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .682
Urbanization
Low 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference)
Medium 1.1 (1.0‐1.1) <.001 1.3 (1.3‐1.4) <.001 1.3 (1.2‐1.4) <.001 1.4 (1.3‐1.5) <.001 1.5 (1.4‐1.7) <.001 1.2 (1.1‐1.3) <.001 1.4 (1.3‐1.5) <.001
High 1.3 (1.2‐1.4) <.001 1.5 (1.4‐1.6) <.001 1.5 (1.4‐1.6) <.001 1.4 (1.3‐1.6) <.001 1.7 (1.5‐2.0) <.001 1.4 (1.3‐1.6) <.001 1.5 (1.3‐1.6) <.001
Region
North 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1 (reference) 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
South 0.5 (0.5‐0.5) <.001 0.4 (0.4‐0.5) <.001 0.4 (0.4‐0.5) <.001 0.4 (0.4‐0.5) <.001 0.6 (0.5‐0.6) <.001 0.3 (0.3‐0.4) <.001 0.5 (0.4‐0.5) <.001
Smoking
Non‐smoker 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
Smoker 1.0 (0.9‐1.0) .800 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .806 1.0 (0.9‐1.1) .586 0.9 (0.8‐1.0) .032 0.9 (0.8‐1.0) .197 0.9 (0.9‐1.0) .217 1.0 (0.9‐1.0) .223
Alcohol drinking
Non‐drinker 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (reference) 1 (reference) 1.0 (reference)
Drinker 1.1 (1.0‐1.1) .004 1.1 (1.1‐1.2) <.001 1.1 (1.1‐1.2) <.001 1.1 (1.0‐1.2) .003 1.1 (1.0‐1.2) .22 1.2 (1.1‐1.3) <.001 1.1 (1.0‐1.2) .001

Values were odds ratio (95% confidence interval); odds ratio for each variable was adjusted for all other variables in the table. The comparisons were between hypertension groups and normotensives; the multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression adjusted all variables listed.