Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Variables | Non‐dipper (N = 18) | Dipper (N = 10) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 70 ± 9 | 69 ± 11 | 0.76 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 10 (55.6) | 8 (80.0) | 0.19 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.4 ± 4.7 | 22.8 ± 3.4 | 0.43 |
| IHD, n (%) | 5 (27.8) | 5 (50.0) | 0.22 |
| Non‐IHD, n (%) | 13 (72.2) | 5 (50.0) | 0.22 |
| HFpEF, n (%) | 7 (38.9) | 5 (50.0) | 0.70 |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 12 (66.7) | 7 (77.8) | 0.45 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 5 (27.8) | 4 (44.4) | 0.33 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 10 (55.6) | 4 (40.0) | 0.35 |
| Cardiovascular drugs | |||
| ACE inhibitor, n (%) | 7 (41.2) | 5 (50.0) | 0.48 |
| ARB, n (%) | 8 (47.1) | 4 (40.0) | 0.52 |
| β‐blocker, n (%) | 16 (94.1) | 10 (100) | 0.63 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 15 (88.2) | 7 (70.0) | 0.25 |
| Laboratory and physiological examinations | |||
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 0.35 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 15.8 ± 8.0 | 13.4 ± 2.2 | 0.36 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 1340 (1074, 2360) | 891 (495, 1227) | 0.35 |
| LVEF, % | 48.0 ± 15.7 | 50.8 ± 15.7 | 0.66 |
| Blood pressure and pulse rate | |||
| Casual SBP, mm Hg | 114 ± 19 | 115 ± 17 | 0.92 |
| Casual DBP, mm Hg | 67 ± 14 | 69 ± 16 | 0.83 |
| Casual PR, bpm | 66 ± 14 | 69 ± 8 | 0.59 |
| 24‐h SBP, mm Hg | 114 ± 18 | 111 ± 16 | 0.63 |
| 24‐h DBP, mm Hg | 72 ± 10 | 69 ± 7 | 0.52 |
| 24‐h PR, bpm | 63 ± 9 | 68 ± 6 | 0.22 |
| Awake SBP, mm Hg | 114 ± 17 | 116 ± 16 | 0.71 |
| Awake DBP, mm Hg | 73 ± 12 | 73 ± 7 | 0.98 |
| Awake PR, bpm | 64 ± 9 | 68 ± 7 | 0.34 |
| Sleep SBP, mm Hg | 114 ± 20 | 99 ± 15 | 0.06 |
| Sleep DBP, mm Hg | 71 ± 11 | 63 ± 7 | 0.048 |
| Sleep PR, bpm | 62 ± 11 | 67 ± 6 | 0.19 |
| Brain MRI | |||
| White matter volume, mL | 434 ± 68 | 430 ± 65 | 0.90 |
| Gray matter volume, mL | 441 ± 99 | 448 ± 27 | 0.77 |
| Total brain volume, mL | 1371 ± 138 | 1386 ± 84 | 0.73 |
| WMH volume, mL | 18.9 ± 19.8 | 7.7 ± 8.3 | 0.047 |
| WMH/total brain volume, % | 1.31 ± 1.28 | 0.55 ± 0.58 | 0.04 |
Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; PR, pulse rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WMH, white matter hyperintensity.