TABLE 2.
Cardiac and arterial structure and function
| Variables | Overall (n = 971) | Men (n = 369) | Women (n = 602) | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left atrial volume (ml) | 42.8 ± 21.0 | 42.7 ± 22.5 | 42.9 ± 20.0 | .885 |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2) | 26.5 ± 13.2 | 24.7 ± 13.4 | 27.6 ± 13.0 | .001 |
| Left atrial volume index >34 ml/m2, n (%) | 180 (18.5) | 50 (13.6) | 130 (21.6) | .004 |
| Interventricular septum thickness (mm) | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 10.0 ± 1.3 | 9.5 ± 1.3 | <.001 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 1.9 | 9.3 ± 1.8 | <.001 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.08 | .245 |
| Relative wall thickness >0.42, n (%) | 493 (50.8) | 197 (53.4) | 296 (49.2) | .226 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 44.7 ± 4.4 | 45.8 ± 4.6 | 44.1 ± 4.1 | <.001 |
| LVESD (mm) | 27.5 ± 4.2 | 28.6 ± 4.5 | 26.9 ± 3.8 | <.001 |
| LVEDV (ml) | 92.4 ± 22.0 | 97.9 ± 24.0 | 89.1 ± 19.9 | <.001 |
| LVEDV index (ml/m2) | 57.1 ± 12.6 | 56.5 ± 13.0 | 57.5 ± 12.3 | .246 |
| LVESV (ml) | 29.4 ± 12.4 | 32.4 ± 14.5 | 27.6 ± 10.4 | <.001 |
| LVESV index (ml/m2) | 18.1 ± 7.3 | 18.7 ± 8.1 | 17.8 ± 6.8 | .067 |
| Left ventricular mass (g) | 146.2 ± 42.1 | 159.0 ± 45.5 | 138.4 ± 37.9 | <.001 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 90.1 ± 23.8 | 91.7 ± 25.0 | 89.1 ± 23.0 | .105 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%) | 242 (24.9) | 53 (14.4) | 189 (31.4) | <.001 |
| LVMV ratio (g/ml) | 1.59 ± 0.32 | 1.64 ± 0.33 | 1.57 ± 0.32 | .001 |
| Left ventricular geometry | ||||
| Normal, n (%) | 375 (38.6) | 150 (40.7) | 225 (37.4) | .342 |
| Concentric remodeling, n (%) | 354 (36.5) | 166 (45.0) | 188 (31.2) | <.001 |
| Concentric hypertrophy, n (%) | 103 (10.6) | 22 (6.0) | 81 (13.5) | <.001 |
| Eccentric hypertrophy, n (%) | 139 (14.3) | 31 (8.4) | 108 (17.9) | <.001 |
| Septal S′ velocity (cm/s) | 6.4 ± 1.5 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 1.6 | <.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 67.6 ± 7.1 | 66.7 ± 7.0 | 68.2 ± 7.0 | .001 |
| Stroke volume (ml) | 65.0 ± 14.9 | 68.0 ± 15.9 | 63.1 ± 13.9 | <.001 |
| Stroke volume index (ml/m2) | 40.3 ± 8.5 | 39.4 ± 8.4 | 41.0 ± 8.5 | .041 |
| Peak E‐wave velocity (m/s) | 0.68 ± 0.21 | 0.67 ± 0.21 | 0.69 ± 0.21 | .05 |
| Peak A‐wave velocity (m/s) | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 0.82 ± 0.20 | 0.90 ± 0.18 | <.001 |
| E/A ratio | 0.80 ± 0.25 | 0.85 ± 0.30 | 0.77 ± 0.22 | <.001 |
| Septal e′ velocity (cm/s) | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | <.001 |
| Septal e′ velocity <7 cm/s, n (%) | 728 (75.0) | 239 (64.8) | 489 (81.2) | <.001 |
| Septal E/e′ ratio | 13.4 ± 5.4 | 12.0 ± 5.3 | 14.3 ± 5.2 | <.001 |
| Septal E/e′ ratio >15, n (%) | 273 (28.1) | 57 (15.4) | 216 (35.9) | <.001 |
| Ees (mm Hg/ml) | 4.74 ± 1.80 | 4.35 ± 1.88 | 4.98 ± 1.71 | <.001 |
| Eed (mm Hg/ml) | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | <.001 |
| Ea (mm Hg/ml) | 1.99 ± 0.52 | 1.93 ± 0.52 | 2.03 ± 0.52 | .03 |
| Ea/Ees ratio | 0.47 ± 0.17 | 0.50 ± 0.19 | 0.45 ± 0.15 | <.001 |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 55.2 ± 14.4 | 53.2 ± 14.0 | 56.4 ± 14.5 | .001 |
Abbreviations: Ea, effective arterial elastance; Eed, left ventricular end‐diastolic elastance; Ees, left ventricular end‐systolic elastance; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume; LVESD, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter; LVESV, left ventricular end‐systolic volume; LVMV, left ventricular mass‐to‐volume.