TABLE 1.
STUDY CHARACTERISTICS BY ACUTE, MIDDLE-LONG TERM, BEREAVEMENT AND CROSS LISTED
| First Author, Year (Sample Sizea) | Study Design | Type of Cancer | Caregiver Characteristics (mean age; gender; relationship to patient) | Phase of Illness | Variables used in Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbott, 2014 (127) | Longitudinal | Not specified | 53 y; 74% Female; 51% Spouse, 49% Other | Bereavement | Suicidal ideation |
| Adams, 2014 (70) | Longitudinal | Digestive system (21%), Genital system (16%), Breast (12%), Brain & other nervous system (9%), Respiratory system (7%), Lymphoma (7%); Other (20%) | 59 y (range: 24–79 y); 74% Female; 87% Spouse/Partner, 6% Child, 3% Parent, 4% Other | Acute | Spirituality Social Support |
| Boehmer, 2016 (167*) | Cross-sectional | Breast | HSWc: 62 y; 84% Male; 84% Spouse/Partner, 7% Child, 5% Sibling, 2% Parent, 2% Friend SMWd: 56 y; 94% Female; 86% Spouse/Partner, 2% Sibling, 2% Parent, 10% Friend | Cross-Listed | Fear of recurrence Social support |
| Clark, 2014 (131) | Longitudinal | Not specified | ≥ 18 y; 79% Significant other, 21% Family or friend | Acute | HRQOLb |
| Colgrove, 2007 (403) | Longitudinal | Prostate (26%), Breast (23%), Colorectal (15%), Lung (8%), Ovarian (7%), Kidney (7%), Other (≤ 5% each NHL, skin, or uterine) | 59 y (range: 29–88 y); 54% Female; Spouse | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Stress Spirituality |
| Cooke, 2011 (56*) | Correlational | Acute leukemia (45%), Myelodysplasia (33%), Chronic leukemia (7%), Other (14%) | ≥ 18 y; 76% Female | Acute | HRQOL |
| Deatrick, 2014 (186) | Cross-Sectional | Brain | 52 y (range: 30–69 y); 100% Female; Mother | Middle-Long | HRQOL Psychological distress Anxiety Posttraumatic stress |
| Douglas, 2013 (226*) | Prospective Longitudinal | GI (47%), Lung (29%), Gynecological (24%) | 58 y; 66% Female; 69% Spouse, 19% Child, 12% Other | Acute | Depressive symptoms HRQOL Spirituality |
| Fletcher, 2008 (60) | Correlational | Prostate | 64 y; 100% Female; Family | Acute | Functional status HRQOL Depressive symptoms Anxiety |
| Fujinami, 2015 (163) | Cross-Sectional | Non-small cell lung | 57 y (range: 21–88 y);64% Female;68% Spouse/Partner, 16% Daughter, 4% Son, 2% Parent, 9% Other | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Distress |
| Garrido, 2014 (245) | Longitudinal | Not specified | 52 y (range: 20–86 y); 76% Female; 57% Spouse | Bereavement | HRQOL Psychiatric disorders Depressive symptoms Anxiety Regret |
| Gaugler, 2008 (183) | Cross-Sectional | Stomach, Intestinal, colorectal; Head & neck; Pancreas, liver; Gynecological; Lung; Bone, leukemia; Breast; Prostate; Brain; Skin | 52 y (employed female), 60 y (not employed female), 53 y (employed male), 67 y (not employed-male); 72% Female; Spouse, Not Spouse | Acute | HRQOL Depressive symptoms Distress |
| Grant, 2013 (163) | Longitudinal | Non-small cell lung | 57 y (range: 21–88 y); 64% Female; 68% Spouse/Partner, 16% Daughters, 4% Son, 3% Parent, 9% Other | Acute | HRQOL Psychological distress |
| Harden, 2013 (95) | Longitudinal | Prostate | 61 y; 100% Females; 100% Spouse | Middle-Long | HRQOL Sexual satisfaction Stress |
| Kershaw, 2008 (121*) | Longitudinal | Prostate | >21 y; Spouses/Partners | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Psychological distress Social Support |
| Kershaw, 2015 (484*) | Longitudinal | Lung (24%), Colorectal (23%), Breast (37%), Prostate (16%) | 57 y (range: 26–95 y); 57% Female; 74% Spouse/Partner, 19% Relatives, 7% Other | Acute | HRQOL |
| Kim, 2007a (448) | Cross-Sectional | Prostate (21%), Breast (21%), Colorectal (15%), Lung (10%), Kidney (8%), Ovarian (7%), NHL (5%), Bladder (5%), Skin (5%), Uterine (5%) | 55 y; 62% Female; 78% Spouse, 22% Child | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Psychological distress Stress Spirituality |
| Kim, 2007b (252) | Cross-Sectional | Breast (56%), Ovarian (15%), Kidney (6%), Lung (18%), NHL (4%), Skin melanoma (3%) | 48 y; 100% Female; 44% Daughter, 24% Sister, 11% Mother, 8% Friend, 4% Daughters-in-law, 3% Partner, 5% Others, 2% Other in-laws | Cross-Listed | Psychological distress Stress Spirituality |
| Kim, 2007c (779) | Cross-Sectional | Breast (28%), Prostate (20%), Colorectal (13%), Lung (10%), NHL (8%), Ovarian (6%), Skin (5%), Bladder (5%), Kidney (5%), Uterine (5%) | 55 y (range: 19–90 y); 65% Female; 66% Spouse, 17% Child, 7% Sibling, 4% Parents, 4% Friends | Cross-Listed | Stress Depressive symptoms Spirituality Social support |
| Kim, 2008a (321) | Cross-Sectional | Breast (25%), Prostate (24%), Colorectal (11%), NHL (11%), Lung (9%), Bladder (5%), Kidney (5%), Ovarian (5%), Skin (5%), Uterine (5%) | 57 y; 51% Female; Spouse | Cross-Listed | Depressive symptoms Life satisfaction |
| Kim, 2008b (168*) | Cross-Sectional | Breast (49%), Prostate (51%) | 60 y; 100% Spouse | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Psychological distress |
| Kim, 2008c (98*) | Cross-sectional | Breast (25%), Colorectal (15%), Ovarian (13%), Lung (12%), Kidney (8%), Uterine (5%), NHL (2%), Skin melanoma (2%) | 41 y (range: 18–73 y); 100% Female; 100% Daughter | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Psychological distress |
| Kim, 2010a (1,666) | Cross-Sectional | Cohort 1: Colorectal Cohort 2: Breast (27%), Colorectal (14%), Lung (11%), NHL (9%), Prostate (18%), Ovarian (6%) Cohort 3: Breast (25%), Colorectal (16%), Lung (8%), NHL (4%), Prostate (20%), Ovarian (8%) | Cohort 1: 53 y (range: 19–94); 79% Female; 32% Spouse, 68% Other; Cohort 2: 54 y (range: 19–90 y); 65% Female; 66% Spouse, 34% Other Cohort 3: 59 y (range: 26–99 y); 64% Female; 66% Spouse, 34% Other | Cross-Listed | HRQOL |
| Kim, 2010b (1,358) | Cross-Sectional | Breast (26%), Colorectal (15%), Kidney (6%), Lung (11%), NHL (7%), Ovarian (7%), Prostate (18%), Other (each <5% Bladder, Skin melanoma, Uterine) | 55 y (range: 18–90 y); 65% Female; 66% Spouse, 18% Child, 7% Sibling, 4% Parent, 3% Friend | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Psychological distress Spirituality |
| Kim, 2011 (361*) | Cross-Sectional | Breast (25%), Colorectal (14%), Kidney (8%), Lung (6%), Prostate (26%), Ovarian (7%), Bladder (5%), Skin melanoma (5%), NHL (5%), Uterine (5%) | 59 y; 52% Female; Spouse | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Spirituality |
| Kim, 2012a (1,218) *Middle-Long Term and Bereaved Phase* | Longitudinal | Breast, Colorectal, Kidney, Lung, NHL, Ovarian, Prostate, Other (bladder, skin melanoma, uterine) | FCRe: 59 y; 63% Female; 71% Spouse, 14% Child, 6% Sibling, 4% Parent, 4% Friend, 2% Other FCBf: 60 y; 79% Female; 63% Spouse, 22% Child, 7% Sibling, 3% Parent, 3% Friend, 2% Other CCg: 60 y; 62% Female; 68% Spouse, 12% Child, 7% Parent, 7% Sibling, 2% Friend, 3% Other | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Stress Psychological distress Spirituality |
| Kim, 2012b (455*) | Cross-Sectional | Breast (30%), Prostate (22%), Colorectal (15%), Lung (8%), Ovarian (6%), Kidney (7%), Uterine (5%), Other (<5% bladder, NHL and skin melanoma) | ≥ 18 y; 63% Female; 67% Spouse, 19% Child, 14% Other | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Fear of recurrence Anxiety |
| Kim, 2014 (416) *Middle-Long Term and Bereaved Phase* | Longitudinal | Breast (26%), Colorectal (14%), Lung (12%), NHL (8%), Prostate (19%), Ovarian (5%), Skin (4%), Other (11%, Bladder, Kidney, Uterine) | 55 y;65% Female;72% Spouse, 28% Other | Cross-Listed | Depressive symptoms Stress Social Support |
| Kim, 2015a (369) | Longitudinal | Breast (30 %), Prostate (22%), Colorectal (13 %), NHL (8 %), Lung (8 %), Other (<5%) | Range: 19–90 y; 63% Female; 73% Spouses, 14% Child, 6% Sibling | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Spirituality |
| Kim, 2015b (1,517) *Middle-Long Term and Bereaved Phase* | Longitudinal | Breast (27%), Colorectal (14%), Lung (11%), NHL (8%), Prostate (18%), Other (each <5% Bladder, Kidney, Skin & Uterine) | 55 y; 65% Female; 67% Spouse, 18% Child, 7% Sibling, 4% Parent, 3% Friend, 2% Other | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Stress |
| Kim, 2015c (398*) | Cross-Sectional | Lung (47%), Colorectal (53%) | ≥ 21 y; 78% Female; 64% Spouse, 15% Child, 9% Parent, 5% Sibling, 7% Other | Acute | HRQOL Depressive symptoms |
| Langer, 2009 (80*) | Prospective Longitudinal | Acute Leukemia (45%), Myelodysplasia (28%), Lymphoma (6%), Chronic myeloid leukemia (5%), Multiple Myeloma (5%), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (5%), Aplastic Anemia (3%), Other (4%) | 55 y (range: 26–78 y); 68% Female; 100% Spouse/Partner | Acute | HRQOL Protective buffering h Relationship satisfaction |
| Lichtenthal, 2011 (86) | Longitudinal | Not specified | ≥ 20y; 84% Female; 46% Spouse/Partner, 25% Child, 29% Other | Bereavement | HRQOL Suicidality Psychiatric disorders Grief |
| Litzelman, 2015 (1,820*) *Majority post-treatment* | Longitudinal | Blood (8%), Breast (20%), Colorectal (5%)), Prostate (20%), Multiple (10%), Other (36%) | HCi Wife 63 y, WCj Husband 58 y;53% Female;100% Spouse | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Depressed mood |
| Litzelman, 2016a (1,500) | Cross-sectional | Lung (47%), Colorectal (53%) | ≥ 20 y;76% Female;63% Spouse/Partner, 15% Child, 15% Parent/ Sibling, 7% Other | Acute | Social stressors Relationship quality Family functioning |
| Litzelman, 2016b (689*) | Cross-sectional | Lung (51%), Colorectal (49%) | ≥ 20 y; 79% Female; 62% Spouse/Partner, 15% Child, 15% Parent, 8% Other | Acute | Self-rated health Depressive symptoms |
| Mazanec, 2011 (70) *Majority treatment* | Cross-Sectional | Colorectal (15%), Gastrointestinal (6%), Gynecologic (28%), Lung (32%), Pancreas (16%), Other (4%) | 57 y; 70% Female; 63% Spouse, 16% Daughter, 4% Friend, 4% Sibling, 3% Partner, 1% Son, 9% Other | Cross-Listed | Self-rated health Depressive symptoms Anxiety Social support |
| Mezue, 2011 (117*) | Cross-sectional | Brain | Range: 23–85 y; 48% Female; 88% Spouse/Partner, 6% Offspring, 6% Other | Acute | HRQOL |
| Milbury, 2013 (158*) | Longitudinal | Lung | 61 y (range: 31–86 y);67% Female;100% Spouse | Acute | Psychological distress Social support |
| Morgan, 2011 (177*) *Acute, Middle-Long* | Cross-Sectional | Lung (26%), Head & neck (13%), Breast (11%), Colorectal (8%), Gynecological (7%), Hematologic (7%), Pancreatic (5%), Sarcoma (5%), Other (18%) | 56 y (range: 22–79 y); 58% Female; 100% Spouse/Partner | Cross-Listed | HRQOL POMS |
| Northouse, 2007 (263*) | Cross-Sectional | Prostate | 59 y; 100% Spouse | Cross-Listed | Relationship quality Psychological distress HRQOL |
| Parvataneni, 2011 (83*) | Cross-Sectional | Brain | Range: 23–78 y; 73% Female; 80% Spouse/Partner, 20% Other | Cross-Listed | Psychological distress |
| Pawl, 2013 (133*) | Cross-Sectional | Brain | 52 y (Range: 21–77 y); 69% Female; 75% Spouse/Significant other, 25% Other | Acute | HRQOL Depressive symptoms Spirituality Social support |
| Porter, 2008 (152*) | Correlational | Lung | 60 y; 67% Female; 76% Spouse, 14% Child, 8% Sister, Brother & Friend | Cross-Listed | Psychological distress |
| Porter, 2012 (127*) | Cross-Sectional | Lung | 63 y;62% Female;100% Spouse | Acute | Psychological distress |
| Prosser, 2015 (166) | Cross-Sectional | Not specified | ≥ 11 y; Child, Spouse, Parent | Cross-Listed | HRQOL |
| Ross, 2010 (89) *6–24 months post treatment* | Cross-Sectional | Head & Neck | 55 y (range: 33–85 y); 73% Female; 81% Spouse/Partner, 12% Child, 7% Sibling | Middle-Long | HRQOL |
| Shaffer, 2017 (275*) | Cross-Sectional | Lung (54 %), Non-Colorectal GI (pancreatic, hepatobiliary, esophageal, gastric) (46%) | 57 y (range: 19–86 y); 69% Female; Relative or Friend | Acute | HRQOL |
| Shahi, 2015 (131*) | Cross-Sectional | Brain, Head & Neck, Lung, GI, Other | 75% Spouse, 10% Child, 4% Significant other, 5% Parent, 2% Friend, 5% Other | Acute | HRQOL Mood state Spirituality Social support |
| Siefert, 2008 (54) | Cross-sectional | Gynecologic; Not Gynecologic | 55 y; 37% Female; 54% Spouse, 47% Not Spouse | Acute | HRQOL Depressive symptoms Social support |
| Spillers, 2008 (635) | Longitudinal | Breast (25%), Prostate (20%), Colorectal (13%), Lung (11%), Ovarian (7%), Kidney (6%), Other (each <5% bladder, skin, NHL, and uterine) | Range: 18–89 y 67% Female; 67% Spouse, 19% Child, 14% Other | Cross-Listed | HRQOL Psychological distress Social support |
| Sumner, 2015 (59) | Cross-Sectional | Breast | Community group: 37 y, clinic group 40 y;100% Female;Daughter or family member | Acute | Depressive symptoms Psychological distress Spirituality Social support |
| Tamayo, 2010 (194) | Cross-Sectional | Leukemia | 55 y (Range: 20–88 y); 76% Female; 80% Spouse, 11% Daughter, 9% Other | Acute | HRQOL |
| Trevino, 2015 (68) | Longitudinal | Not specified | 54 y; 77% Female; 46% Spouse/Partner, 54% Other | Bereavement | HRQOL |
| Washington, 2015 (139) | Cross-Sectional | Not specified | 59 y; 71% Female; 40% Child, 40% Spouse/ Partner, 21% Other | Bereavement | HRQOL Social support |
| Weaver, 2011 (637*) | Cross-Sectional | Lung (52%), Colorectal (48%) | ≥ 21 y; 79% Female; 58% Spouse, 42% Other | Acute | HRQOL Depressive symptoms |
| Winters-Stone, 2014 (59*) | Cross-Sectional | Prostate | 68 y; 100% Female; 100% Spouse | Middle-Long | Depressive symptoms |
| Wright, 2008 (332) | Prospective, longitudinal | Breast (12%), Colorectal (15%), Pancreatic (9%), Another GI (12%), Lung (23%), Other (30%) | 51y; 77% Female; 51% Spouse, 24% Child, 14% Other relative, 7% Friend, 4% Parent | Bereavement | HRQOL Psychiatric disorders |
| Wright, 2010 (333) | Prospective, longitudinal | Breast (12%), GI (38%), Lung (21%), Other (30%) | 51 y; 75% Female; 55% Spouse, 23% Child, 21% Other relative/ friend | Bereavement | HRQOL Psychiatric morbidities |
| Zhang, 2010 (171) | Cross-sectional (semi-structure questionnaire) | Lung | 56 y; 75% Female; 58% Spouse, 42% Child, Parents or Significant other | Acute | Depressive symptoms |
a
Sample size for cancer caregivers with valid/completed data
*
(indicates sample size includes patient-caregiver as dyads)
b
HRQOL = physical and mental health
c
HSW = heterosexual women
d
SMW = sexual minority women
e
FCR= Former caregivers-remission
f
FCB= Former caregivers-bereaved
g
CC=Current Caregivers
h
Protective buffering – a form of social support in which one dyad member attempts to minimize the stress of the situation for the other
i
HC=Husband cancer
j
WC=Wife Cancer