Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included studies
| Author and year | Country | Design | Setting | Study duration | Healthcare professionals (HP) | Outcomes |
| Beeckman et al20 2013 | Belgium | RCT | Nursing homes | 5 months | Nurses and physios | Risk of pressure ulcers; HP knowledge and attitude |
| Bennet et al21 2016 | UK | ITS | Emergency department, district general hospital | 1 year | Nurses | Triage prioritisation; pain assessment and management; management of neutropenic sepsis |
| Blaha et al22 2009 | Czech Republic | RCT | ICU postelective cardiac surgery university hospital | 48 hours | Nurses | Intensive care glycaemic control/diabetes |
| Byrne23 2005 | USA | CBA | Nursing homes | 33 months | Nurses | Falls and pressure ulcer reduction (assessment and prevention) |
| Canbolat et al24 2019 | Turkey | Non-RT | ICU university general hospital | 22 months | Nurses (and physicians) | ICU glycaemic control |
| Cavalcanti et al25 2009 | Brazil | RCT | ICU general hospital | 19 months | Nurses | ICU glycaemic control |
| Cleveringa et al26 2008 | Netherlands | RCT | Primary care practices | 1 year | Nurses (and physicians) | Management and prevention of diabetes (and CV risk factors) |
| Cleveringa et al27 2010 | Netherlands | RCT | Primary care practices | 1 year | Nurses | Management and prevention of diabetes (and CV risk factors) |
| Cortez28 2014 | USA | RCT | Academic medical centre oncology clinics | 11 weeks | Nurses | Management of cancer symptoms |
| Dalaba29 2015 | Ghana | CBA | Primary care health centres | 2 years | Nurses | Maternal care |
| Dowding et al30 2012 | USA | ITS | General hospitals | 6 years | Nurses | Risk assessment, falls and pressure ulcer prevention |
| Duclos et al31 2015 | France | RCT | Paediatric wards in a university hospital | 2 years | Dieticians | Nutritional care in malnourished children |
| Dumont et al32 2012 | USA | RCT | ICU wards in a regional referral hospital | 4 months | Nurses | Glycaemic control |
| Dykes et al51 2009 | USA | RCT | Urban hospitals | 6 months | Nurses | Fall prevention |
| Dykes et al54 2020 | USA | ITS | Academic medical centres | 42 months | Nurses | Fall prevention |
| Fitzmaurice et al33 2000 | UK | RCT | Primary care/general practice | 1 year | Nurses | Oral anticoagulation care |
| Forberg et al34 2016 | Sweden | RCT | Paediatric university hospital | 3 months | Nurses | Management of peripheral venous catheters in paediatrics |
| Fossum et al35 2011 | Norway | CBA | Nursing homes | 2 years | Nurses | Preventative behaviours and management of nutrition |
| Geurts et al36 2017 | Netherlands | RCT | University paediatric hospital | 2 years | Nurses | Management of (re)hydration in children |
| Hovorka et al37 2007 | Czech Republic | RCT | Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital | 48 hours | Nurses | Glycaemic control |
| Kroth et al38 2006 | USA | RCT | University Hospital | 9 months | Nurses | Body temperature assessment |
| Lattimer et al39 1998 | UK | RCT | Primary care practices | 1 year | Nurses and physicians | Emergency call assessment |
| Lattimer et al40 2000 | UK | RCT | Primary care practices | 1 year | Nurses and physicians | Cost analysis of emergency call assessments |
| Lee et al41 2009 | USA | RCT | School of Nursing (University) | 8 months | Nurses | Obesity management |
| Lv et al53 2019 | China | RCT | Community healthcare centres | 1 year | Nurses | Chronic asthma management |
| Mann et al42 2011 | USA | RCT | Surgical Military hospital ICU | 6 days | Nurses | Glycaemic control in burn intensive care patients |
| McDonald et al43 2017 | USA | RCT | Nursing care homes | 2 months | Nurses | Management of chronic medical condition |
| Paulson et al52 2020 | Norway | RCT | University hospital | 10 months | Nurses | Management of malnutrition |
| Plank et al44 2006 | Mixed (Austria, Czech Republic, UK) | RCT | University hospitals | 48 hours | Nurses | Glycaemic control |
| Rood et al45 2005 | Netherlands | RCT | Surgical ICU in a teaching hospital | 10 weeks | Nurses | Glycaemic control |
| Roukema et al46 2008 | Netherlands | RCT | Children’s Hospital | 27 months | Nurses | Management of children with fever without apparent source |
| Sassen et al47 2014 | Netherlands | RCT | University research centre | 17 months | Nurses and physios | Professionals’ behaviour |
| Snooks et al48 2014 | UK | RCT | Emergency ambulance services | 1 year | Paramedics | Assessment and management of falls |
| Vadher et al49 1997 | UK | RCT | Cardiovascular medicine, general hospital | A nurse and Trainee doctors | Oral anticoagulant control | |
| Wells50 2013 | UK | RCT | Emergency ambulance services | 1 year | Paramedics | Emergency fall assessment and management |
CBA, controlled before and after; ICU, intensive care unit; ITS, interrupted time-series; RCT, randomised controlled trials.