Table 5. Estimated marginal means of the of CPM effect (adjusted for order effect) in a sequential versus parallel design.

Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)		Absolute CPM effect (kPa, 95% CI)			Relative CPM effect (%, 95% CI)
		Sequential	Parallel	Difference	Sequential	Parallel	Difference
Cervical spine	Overall	1 [−15, 17]	4 [−11, 20]	−3 [−21, 15]	−2.4 [−5.7, 0.9]	3.7 [0.4, 7.0]	−6.1 [−10.1, −2.1] a
	Experiment 1	2 [−19, 24]	12 [−9, 33]	−10 [−37, 17]	0.0 [−5.1, 5.1]	5.8 [0.6, 10.9]	−5.8 [−11.9, 0.4]
	Experiment 2	−10 [−34, 15]	−9 [−34, 15]	−0 [−35, 35]	−3.1 [−8.8, 2.7]	1.9 [−3.9, 7.7]	−5.0 [−13.1, 3.2]
	Experiment 3	11 [−24, 47]	12 [−24, 47]	−0 [−31, 30]	−4.1 [−10.3, 2.2]	3.6 [−2.6, 9.9]	−7.7 [−12.8, −2.6] a
Forearm	Overall	12 [−6, 29]	7 [−11, 24]	5 [−16, 26]	−1.2 [−4.7, 2.3]	3.3 [−0.2, 6.7]	−4.5 [−9.1, 0.2]
	Experiment 1	−5 [−30, 19]	−14 [−39, 10]	9 [−25, 44]	−3.8 [−9.2, 1.6]	0.5 [−4.9, 5.9]	−4.3 [−11.9, 3.3]
	Experiment 2	16 [−9, 40]	2 [−22, 27]	13 [−22, 48]	0.1 [−6.2, 6.0]	4.7 [−1.4, 10.8]	−4.8 [−13.4, 3.8]
	Experiment 3	24 [−15, 64]	32 [−7, 72]	−8 [−39, 23]	0.2 [−6.3, 6.6]	4.5 [−1.9, 11.0]	−4.4 [−9.4, 0.6]
Lower leg	Overall	42 [11, 73]	47 [16, 78]	−5 [−40, 30]	4.2 [−0.2, 8.6]	10.1 [5.7, 14.5]	−5.9 [−11.8,−0.0] a
	Experiment 1	53 [6, 99]	52 [5, 98]	1 [−62, 64]	5.2 [−2.6, 13.0]	13.0 [5.1, 20.8]	−7.7 [−18.5, 3.0]
	Experiment 2	10 [−43, 62]	1 [−52, 53]	9 [−64, 82]	2.7 [−5.8, 11.3]	4.8 [−3.8, 13.3]	−2.0 [−14.1, 10.1]
	Experiment 3	66 [6, 127]	92 [32, 153]	−26 [−73, 20]	4.8 [−1.3, 10.8]	13.1 [7.0, 19.2]	−8.4 [−13.0, −3.8] a
Heat Test Stimulus (HTS)		Absolute CPM effect (VAS 0–100, 95% CI)			Relative CPM effect (%, 95% CI)
		Sequential	Parallel	Difference	Sequential	Parallel	Difference
Cervical spine	Overall	3 [0, 6]	4 [2, 7]	−1 [−5, 2]	5.2 [−0.7, 11.1]	10.4 [4.5, 16.3]	−5.1 [−13.4, 3.1]
	Experiment 1	4 [1, 8]	4 [1, 8]	−0 [−5, 5]	9.0 [1.0, 17.0]	11.4 [3.4, 19.4]	−2.4 [−13.7, 8.9]
	Experiment 2	2 [−2, 5]	4 [1, 8]	−2 [−7, 2]	1.5 [−7.0, 10.1]	9.6 [1.0, 18.2]	−8.1 [−18.7, 2.5]
Forearm	Overall	2 [−0, 4]	3 [1, 5]	−1 [−4, 1]	2.9 [−2.8, 8.6]	4.7 [−1.0, 10.3]	−1.7 [−9.8, 6.3]
	Experiment 1	2 [−1, 5]	3 [1, 6]	−1 [−5, 3]	3.6 [−4.0, 11.2]	7.6 [0.0, 15.2]	−4.1 [−14.8, 6.7]
	Experiment 2	1 [−1, 4]	3 [1, 6]	−2 [−5, 2]	2.2 [−6.2, 10.6]	2.0 [−6.4, 10.4]	−0.1 [−10.6, 10.9]
Lower Leg	Overall	2 [−2, 4]	3 [1, 5]	−1 [−4, 1]	2.8 [−3.2, 8.8]	5.4 [−0.1, 11.4]	−2.6 [−9.3, 4.1]
	Experiment 1	1 [−1, 3]	2 [−0, 4]	−1 [−2, 1]	1.7 [−7.3, 10.6]	6.5 [−2.5, 15.4]	−4.8 [−14.0, 4.4]
	Experiment 2	3 [0, 6]	2 [−1, 5]	1 [−3, 5]	3.9 [−4.3, 12.1]	4.4 [−3.8, 12.6]	0.1 [−10.4, 9.4]

Notes.

Estimated marginal means are adjusted for order effect. Significant differences are printed in bold. Relative data of 0.0% indicates that the baseline test and conditioned test were the same; no CPM effect is present. Positive values reflect an inhibitory effect for both absolute and relative data. Test location at the cervical spine is paraspinal muscles over C5/C6, at the forearm is extensor carpi radialis muscle and at the lower leg is the tibialis anterior muscle. CPM, Conditioned Pain Modulation; kPa, kilo Pascal; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

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