Table 1.
Characteristics of admissions by discharge type (routine versus self-directed) in Philadelphia general acute hospitals for patients with diagnosed opioid dependence or poisoning, 2017
| Total | Routine | Self-directed | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All admissions (N) | 7972 | 6728 | 1244 | |
| Median length of stay (IQR) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–7) | 2 (1–3) | < .0001 |
| Male | 4426 (55.5) | 3653 (54.3) | 773 (62.1) | < .0001 |
| Average age (Std) | 41.44 (12.1) | 41.89 (12.3) | 38.97 (11.0) | < .0001 |
| Homelessa | 615 (7.7) | 479 (7.1) | 136 (10.9) | < .0001 |
| Acute paine | 2856 (35.8) | 2275 (33.8) | 581 (46.7) | < .0001 |
| Major chronic painb | 768 (9.6) | 694 (10.3) | 74 (5.9) | < .0001 |
| Mikosz chronic painc | 915 (11.5) | 807 (12.0) | 108 (8.7) | < .0006 |
| Chronic overlapping pain conditionsd | 467 (5.9) | 408 (6.1) | 59 (4.7) | 0.0757 |
| Injection related infectionf | ||||
| Skin and soft tissue infection | 1248 (15.7) | 886 (13.2) | 362 (29.1) | < .0001 |
| Septicemia or bacteremia infection | 947 (11.9) | 751 (11.2) | 196 (15.8) | < .0001 |
| Bone, joint, or vascular infection | 470 (5.9) | 349 (5.2) | 121 (9.7) | < .0001 |
| Polysubstance useg | 3422 (42.9) | 2760 (41.0) | 662 (53.2) | < .0001 |
| Nicotine dependenth | 5106 (64.1) | 4206 (62.5) | 900 (72.4) | < .0001 |
| Patients with 2+ admissions (N) | 3287 | 2616 | 671 | |
| Major chronic painb | 309 (9.4) | 262 (10.0) | 47 (7.0) | 0.0171 |
| “Missing” major chronic painb | 367 (11.2) | 278 (10.6) | 89 (13.3) | 0.0530 |
| Mikosz chronic painc | 352 (10.7) | 287 (11.0) | 65 (9.7) | 0.3373 |
| “Missing” Mikosz chronic painc | 392 (11.9) | 280 (10.7) | 112 (16.7) | 0.0001 |
| Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditionsd | 173 (5.3) | 138 (5.3) | 35 (5.2) | 0.9512 |
| “Missing” COPC | 251 (7.6) | 180 (6.9) | 71 (10.6) | 0.0013 |
Data are expressed as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated
aIndicates homelessness, housing insecurity, and problems related to housing and economic circumstances. The full list of associated ICD-10 codes is provided in Additional file 1
bIndicates central pain syndrome, chronic pain, neoplasm-related pain, and chronic pain syndrome
cIndicates chronic nonradicular and radicular back pain, chronic neck pain, fibromyalgia, inflammatory joint disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, non-migraine headaches, osteoarthritis and joint cartilage conditions, and periarticular/soft tissue disorders
dIndicates fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, chronic prostatitis, vulvodynia, migraine, chronic tension-type headache, temporomandibular disorder, chronic low back pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, endometriosis with pain
eIndicates acute pain based on independent coding of admitting diagnoses by two registered nurses
fIndicates injection related infections separated into skin and soft tissue infections (abscess, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis), septicemia and bacteremia, and bone, joint and vascular infections (septic pulmonary embolism, endocarditis, staphylococcal arthritis, osteomyelitis, and intraspinal abscess.)
gIndicates use of or poisoning from cannabis, cocaine, stimulates, sedatives, hypnotic or anxiolytics, hallucinogens,
hIndicates current nicotine dependence and a history of nicotine dependence