Table 4.
Association between study factors and DFI: unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios
| Study factors | OR | 95% CI | p value | AOR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 45–54 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 55–64 years | 1.30 | (0.91–1.87) | 0.154 | 1.17 | (0.81–1.69) | 0.393 |
| 65–74 years | 1.56 | (1.09–2.24) | 0.015 | 1.26 | (0.85–1.87) | 0.254 |
| 75+ years | 2.65 | (1.87–3.76) | < 0.001 | 1.93 | (1.28–2.90) | 0.002 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 0.85 | (0.69–1.04) | 0.107 | 0.61 | (0.49–0.77) | < 0.001 |
| Current Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Married/defacto | 0.41 | (0.29–0.56) | < 0.001 | 0.47 | (0.33–0.66) | < 0.001 |
| Widowed | 0.78 | (0.54–1.13) | 0.183 | 0.64 | (0.43–0.94) | 0.022 |
| Divorced/separated | 0.53 | (0.35–0.80) | 0.002 | 0.54 | (0.36–0.82) | 0.004 |
| Socio-economic factors | ||||||
| SEIFA (IRSD) | ||||||
| quantile 1 (least disadvantaged) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| quantile 2 | 0.94 | (0.71–1.24) | 0.664 | 0.94 | (0.70–1.25) | 0.656 |
| quantile 3 | 0.75 | (0.56–1.01) | 0.056 | 0.82 | (0.60–1.12) | 0.204 |
| quantile 4 | 0.89 | (0.67–1.20) | 0.450 | 1.05 | (0.77–1.43) | 0.760 |
| quantile 5 (Most disadvantaged) | 1.04 | (0.78–1.39) | 0.793 | 1.42 | (1.02–1.97) | 0.035 |
| Annual household income | ||||||
| < AUD 20,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| AUD 20,000 - < AUD 50,000 | 0.64 | (0.52–0.80) | < 0.001 | 0.77 | (0.60–0.98) | 0.032 |
| AUD 50,000 or more | 0.40 | (0.31–0.52) | < 0.001 | 0.62 | (0.44–0.87) | 0.005 |
| Private health insurance | ||||||
| No (without DVA/concession card) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No (with DVA/concession card) | 1.34 | (1.01–1.78) | 0.042 | 0.96 | (0.71–1.28) | 0.786 |
| Yes | 0.69 | (0.57-0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.71 | (0.52–0.94) | 0.020 |
| Life-style factors | ||||||
| Total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week (minutes) | ||||||
| < 150 min | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 150–300 min | 0.60 | (0.45–0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.70 | (0.53–0.93) | 0.015 |
| > 300 min | 0.54 | (0.44–0.66) | < 0.001 | 0.64 | (0.52–0.80) | < 0.001 |
| Health status factors | ||||||
| Type of diabetes | ||||||
| Type-1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Type-2 | 0.57 | (0.35–0.92) | 0.020 | 0.55 | (0.33–0.90) | 0.018 |
| Duration of diabetes | ||||||
| < 5 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 5 to < 10 years | 1.23 | (0.93–1.63) | 0.149 | 1.13 | (0.85–1.51) | 0.386 |
| 10 to < 15 years | 1.23 | (0.91–1.65) | 0.172 | 1.07 | (0.80–1.44) | 0.631 |
| 15 years or more | 2.21 | (1.71–2.86) | < 0.001 | 1.62 | (1.25–2.10) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.80 | (1.47–2.20) | < 0.001 | 1.36 | (1.11–1.67) | 0.003 |
| Stroke | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 2.03 | (1.48–2.80) | < 0.001 | 1.40 | (1.01–1.94) | 0.043 |
| Asthma | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.78 | (1.38–2.30) | < 0.001 | 1.64 | (1.26–2.15) | < 0.001 |
OR Unadjusted Odds Ratio, AOR Adjusted Odds ratio; Coefficients, 95% CI and p values are reported for those variables which have at least one significant (p < 0.05) category, SEIFA Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, IRSD The Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage, DVA Department of Veterans’ Affairs, Psychological distress, None/low/moderate: less than 22 Kessler-10 (K10) score