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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Nanobiomed Res. 2021 Jun 24;1(11):2100047. doi: 10.1002/anbr.202100047

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Current progress in the application of tissue engineered models to the investigation of extracellular vesicles in the heart. (a) Endothelial cell-derived EVs (EEVs) have been applied to an engineered cantilever heart-on-a-chip model before simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury to study the effect of EEVs as a prophylactic cardiac therapeutic. Reproduced with permission from [71]. (b) EVs isolated from endothelial cells grown in both hypoxia and normoxia and applied to engineered cardiac tissues before simulated ischemic injury significantly increased the twitch stress of cardiac tissues both during and after ischemia compared to untreated control tissues. Reproduced with permission from [71]. (c) Liu et al. encapsulated iPS and CM EVs in a collagen gelfoam mesh as a method of providing slow-release delivery of therapeutic EVs to the infarcted heart in rats. Reproduced with permission from [12]. (d) CM EV loaded “patches” significantly increased ejection fraction of rat hearts 24 hours after injury and patch application. Reproduced with permission from [12].