Table 3.

Extracted data from included studies about complicated grief

Reference	Country	Sample	Symptoms	Main Personality Traits	Measure of Dependency	Measure of psychopathology	Analysis	Results
Piper et al. [65]	Canada	277 psychiatric outpatients 70% women Types of losses: parent (45%), partner (10%), sibling (9%), friend (8.4%), child (7%), grandparents (5%), other (15%) Age range M: 43,1	Grief symptoms	Patient’s promotion of dependence of the deceased	INTREX Questionnaire (16 items)	Present Feeling Subscale of the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG) PGI IES SAS-SR	Pearson Correlations, Stepwise Regression Analyses	Pearson Correlations: Significant direct association between patient’s promotion of dependence of the deceased and TRIG grief score: r [129] = 0.21, p = 0.015 Stepwise Regression Analysis: Patient’s promotion of dependence of the deceased accounted for 4% of the variation in the TRIG grief score
Bonanno et al. [16]	USA	205 widowed persons (non- clinical sample) 180 male, 25 female Age range M: 72 SD: 6.5	Grief symptoms	Interpersonal Dependency, Dependency on the spouse	Interpersonal Dependency Scale (5 items)	Bereavement index Present feelings about loss scale Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG)	ANOVA	Interpersonal Dependency (F (4–80) = 3.30, p < 0.05): - Chronic grievers: M = 0.31, SD = 0.88 - Resilient individuals: M = 0.11, SD = 0.89 Dependency on the spouse (F (4–80) = 2.58, p < 0.05): - Chronic grievers: M = 0.19, SD = 0.86 - Resilient individuals: M = 0.29, SD = 1.10
Denckla et al. [28]	USA	102 non-clinical sample (Married 36, prolonged grief 25, resolved grief 41)	Grief symptoms	Healthy Dependency, Destructive Overdependence	RPT	Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders	ANOVA	Healthy Dependency (F = 5.12, p = 0.008): - Prolonged: M = 31.00, SD = 6.52 - Resolved: M = 35.73, SD = 6.44 Destructive Overdependence (F = 0.12, p = 0.883): - Prolonged: M = 27.36, SD = 9.39 - Resolved: M = 26.22, SD = 8.46
Mancini et al. [52]	USA	178 non-clinical sample (104 bereaved, 74 married participants; 33 resilient, 40 recovered, 31 prolonged grievers) Age: under 65 Bereaved: M: 51.43, SD: 9.48 Married M: 49.42, SD: 9.37	Grief symptoms	Healthy Dependency, Destructive Overdependence	RPT	Structured clinical interview	Univariate analyses, multivariate analyses (polychotomous logistic regression model)	Univariate analysis Healthy Dependency (F = 5.16, p < 0.05): - Prolonged: M = 3.19, SD = 0.66 - Resilient: M = 3.65, SD = 0.55 - Recovered: M = 3.66, SD = 0.54 Destructive Overdependence (F = 1.22, p < 0.25): - Prolonged: M = 2.85, SD = 0.83 - Resilient: M = 2.43, SD = 0.71 Multivariate analysis: Healthy Dependency: - Prolonged vs. resilient: OR [95% CI] = 2.35 [0.25, 0.22, 0.06] - Recovered vs. Prolonged: OR [95% CI] = 5.98 [1.26, 28.35] Destructive Overdependence: - Prolonged vs. resilient: OR [95% CI] = 6.42 [1.70, 24.21] - Recovered vs. prolonged: OR [95% CI] = 0.51 [0.22, 1.18]