Figure 6:

Stability of bivalent microneedle (MN) patches containing measles and rubella vaccines during freeze-thaw process presented with a (a) log-scale and (b) linear-scale y axis. Patches were prepared using a formulation containing sucrose, threonine, and potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 and then cycled between frozen (−20°C) and thawed (5°C) conditions. The dashed lines indicate vaccine titer of MN patches stored at 5°C. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation based on 4 replicates each. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, with p < 0.05 considered significant; specific findings from this analysis are reported in the text.