Table 1.
Blood markers showing differences for C+ patients (19 studies).
| Category marker | Investigated markers | Baseline | On-therapy | Short-term | Long-term | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation | CRP, CRP M450, CXCL10, eotaxin, IFNγ, IGF-1, IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-1β M450, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-6 M450, IL-6R, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-10 M450, IL-12, IL-12p10, IL-13, IL-17, MCP-1, MIP-1 α, MIP-1β, TNF-α, RANTES, sTNFRI, sTNFRII | / | ↑↓ IL-6, ↑↓ IL-18, ↑↓ MCP-1, vs C-: ↑ IL-6, sTNFRII |
↑ IL-6, ↓ IL-12, IL-17, vs C- : ↑ sTNFRII, IL-1ra, CRP |
↑ IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1β followed by ↓, ↓ IL-12, IL-17 vs C- : ↑ CRP, sTNFRII (followed by no differences), vs HC : ↑ IL-6, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α |
[16,17,19,[23], [24], [25], [26],30] |
| Sex- and stress hormones | cortisol, oestradiol, estrogen, FSH, LH, progesterone | / | / | ↑ FSH, LH, ↓ oestradiol, |
/ | [15] |
| Blood- cells/proteins | albumin, blood cell concentration, blood coagulation markers, B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, GLR, GM-CSF, G-CSF, granulocytes, Hb, HGF, monocytes, NK cells, PLR, SII, VEGF | vs cut-offs: ↓ Hb, vs HC: ↑ Hb |
↑ G-CSF, vs C-: ↑ VEFG |
↑ monocytes, ↓ B cells, CD4+ T cells |
↓ G-CSF, vs C- : ↑ GLR, PLR, SII, vs HC: ↑ blood coagulation markers |
[14,15,21,25,27] |
| Neuronal | Aβ−42, Aβ−40, BDNF, pNF-H, tau | / | ↑ pNF-H | / | / | [16,18] |
| Metabolism | cholesterol, creatinine, electrolytes, fasting blood glucose, homocysteine, LDH, liver function tests, rcSO2, triglycerides | vs cut-offs: ↑ LDH, vs HC: ↑ cholesterol, glucose |
/ | ↑ triglycerides; ↓ cholesterol |
/ | [14,15] |
| Epigenetics | whole blood oxidative DNA damage, methylation ratio in 880,965 CpG positions | / | / | Δ methylation ratio for 4 CpG positions | Δ methylation ratio for 2199 CpG positions vs. HC: increased oxidative DNA damage |
[21,22,28] |
Note. Short-term effects = assessment within one week to four months post-chemotherapy. Long-term effects = assessment within six months to 20 years post-chemotherapy.
↑: increased, ↓: decreased, Δ: change, Aβ: Plasma amyloid beta, BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, C+: chemotherapy-treated patients, C-: chemotherapy-naïve patients, CRP: C-reactive protein, CXCL10: Interferon-inducible protein 10, FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone, G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, GLR: Granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, HC: healthy controls, Hb: Haemoglobin, HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor, IFNγ: Interferon gamma, IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1, IL: Interleukin, IL-1ra: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, LH: Luteinising hormone, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, MIP: Macrophage inflammatory protein, NK cells: Natural killer cells, PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, pNF-H: Phosphorylated neurofilament H, RANTES: Chemokine ligand 5, rcSO2: Regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation. SII: Systemic immune-inflammation index, sTNFRI: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I, sTNFRII: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II, TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.