Table 1.
Summary of studies utilizing each patient-reported outcome measure
| Obstetric/postpartum specific | Validation studies done Y/N (n) | Postpartum patients studied (n) | Prospective study Y/N n (n of RCTs) |
Language(s) used with instrument | Study year range | Delivery modes VD OVD CD |
Postpartum time points assessed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BIS | N | Y (4) | 6,493 | Y 4 (0) | Norwegian | 2014–2020 | Y ? Y |
8 weeks and 2 years |
| Pittsburgh SQI | N | Y (2*) | 674 | Y 2 (0) | Chinese | 2004–2019 | Y ? Y |
Between 13th and 20th day Up to 1 month |
| GSDS | N | Y (2) | 133 | Y 2 (0) | English | 2007–2009 | Y ? Y |
Between 3rd and 5th day 1, 2 and 3 months |
| PSQS | Y | Y (2) | 302 | Y 2 (0) | Chinese, Turkish | 2013–2018 | Y ? Y |
Up to 2 weeks Postpartum clinic (timing not stated) |
| ISI | N | Y (2) | 158 | Y 2 (0) | English, Hebrew | 2016–2019 | ? ? ? |
Between 3 and 18 months Timing varied depending on when admitted for respite care |
| ESS | N | Y (2*) | 1,167 | Y 2 (0) | English | 2013 | Y ? Y |
“Immediate postpartum period” (unclear timing) |
| Athens IS | N | Y (1) | 84 | Y 1 (0) | Polish | 2017 | ? ? ? |
Between 1 and 2 days |
| SSC | N | Y (1) | 287 | Y 1(0) | French or English | 2019 | ? ? ? |
7–9 weeks |
Validation study defined as a study assessing and reporting one of the eight COSMIN-defined psychometric measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures; BIS=Bergen insomnia scale; Pittsburgh SQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; GSDS = General Sleep Disturbance Scale; PSQS = Postpartum Sleep Quality Scale; ISI=Insomnia Severity Index; ESS - Epworth Sleepiness Scale; Athens IS = Athens Insomnia Scale; SSC = Sleep Symptom Checklist;
Total of 15 validation studies assessing multidimensional sleep measures in the postpartum period: *1 study by Huang et al. (n = 228) provides validation data for both ESS and Pittsburgh SQI measures; ? = delivery mode not stated in methodology or results section of published study
Y = yes and N = no; n = number; RCT = randomized control trial; VD = vaginal delivery; OVD = operative vaginal delivery; CD = cesarean delivery; D = day. Hypothesis considered if a measure statistically compared to another measure or evaluated a difference in health state between two groups, e.g. different delivery mode or peripartum morbidity.