Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 15.
Published in final edited form as: Water Res. 2021 Sep 23;205:117689. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117689

Table 1.

System Characteristic Summary

System Notation SW1 SW2 SW3 GW
Source Water Surface Water Surface Water Surface Water Groundwater
Population Served 31,000 97,000 234,000 4,000
System Size Category Large Large Very Large Small
Treatment Coagulation Coagulation Coagulation Coagulation
Sedimentation Sedimentation Sedimentation Sedimentation
Filtration Filtration Filtration Filtration
Ion Exchange
GAC GAC PAC
Sand Filters Sand Filters Anthracite
Sand Filters
Corrosion Control Orthophosphate Orthophosphate
Pre-Oxidant Permanganate
Chlorine Dioxide		 Chlorine Dioxide Permanganate
Primary Disinfectant Free Chlorine Free Chlorine Free Chlorine Free Chlorine (Chloramines)a
Secondary Disinfectant Chloramines Chloramines Chloramines Chloramines
Distribution System Storage Tanks 7 13 8 0b
a

system has naturally occuring ammonia in the source water

b

system only has storage tanks at the treatment plant

ART – average residence time sample; EP – entry point sample; GAC – granular activated carbon; MRT – maximum residence time sample; PAC – Powder Activated Carbon; TANK – near water storage tank sample