Table 3. Identical independent translations of substantive English-language survey questions, by language of translation.

Source text (English)	Whether independent translations were identical (Yes/No)
	Khmer	Traditional Chinese	Karen	Vietnamese
Is an HIV test done whenever someone has a blood test in Australia?	No	No	No	No
Can hepatitis C be passed on by sharing injecting equipment like needles and syringes?	Yes	No	No	No
Did you use a condom the MOST RECENT time you had sex?	No	No	No	No
Why did you NOT use a condom the most recent time you had sex?	No	No	No	No
If a close friend in Australia told you that they were going to get tested for STIs and BBVs, how would you feel?	No	No	No	Yes
How old are you?	No	No	Yes	Yes
What is your religion?	No	No	No	Yes
What are the main languages you speak at home?	No	No	No	No
[Statements for Likert-scale responses]
• I felt upset*	No	No	No	Yes
• I felt embarrassed	Yes	No	No	No
• The survey was too long	Yes	No	No	No
• I found it hard to understand some questions / words	Yes	No	No	No