Table 3.

Fixed-effect linear probability instrumental variables model average marginal effects on firewood use

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Net change in household size	0.091***
	(0.023)
Number of departing members		−0.115***					−0.105***
		(0.025)					(0.028)
Number of local movers				−0.085*
				(0.046)
Number of local movers within the same village					−0.035			0.025	0.051
					(0.091)			(0.078)	(0.079)
Number of local movers to nearby village					−0.108***			−0.087**	−0.068
					(0.041)			(0.042)	(0.042)
Number of long-distance movers (migrants)			−0.115**	−0.112**	−0.113**			−0.078	−0.055
			(0.054)	(0.056)	(0.054)			(0.059)	(0.068)
Number of deaths				−0.049**	−0.047**			−0.108***	−0.105***
				(0.021)	(0.022)			(0.026)	(0.023)
Number of male departing members						−0.090*
						(0.047)
Number of female departing members						−0.120***
						(0.040)
Number of other departing members			−0.111***
			(0.037)
Number of new members		0.037	0.036	0.030	0.027	0.032
		(0.038)	(0.043)	(0.043)	(0.047)	(0.037)
Number of return migrants							0.306***	0.356***	0.367***
							(0.092)	(0.099)	(0.092)
Number of new births							−0.016*	−0.014	−0.007
							(0.010)	(0.009)	(0.011)
Number of other new members							−0.024	−0.018	−0.022
							(0.017)	(0.016)	(0.017)
Presence of remittances									−0.529*
									(0.310)
Number of members unchanged since the last wave	−0.059***	−0.078***	−0.076***	−0.060**	−0.062***	−0.071***	−0.067***	−0.038	−0.032
	(0.018)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.021)	(0.024)	(0.031)	(0.037)
IHS(Tree cover)	1.494	1.565	1.554	1.388	1.189	1.596	1.138	0.831	0.367
	(2.168)	(2.122)	(2.003)	(2.070)	(1.894)	(2.145)	(1.972)	(1.772)	(1.561)
IHS(Precipitation)	0.006	0.007	0.007	0.008	0.012	0.007	0.006	0.008	0.007
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.017)	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.018)
IHS(Temperature)	−0.869**	−1.051**	−1.041**	−0.914**	−0.999**	−1.035**	−0.321	−0.229	−0.193
	(0.426)	(0.457)	(0.455)	(0.438)	(0.460)	(0.458)	(0.557)	(0.560)	(0.564)
Electricity access	−0.210***	−0.187***	−0.187***	−0.186***	−0.188***	−0.180***	−0.171***	−0.175***	−0.188***
	(0.057)	(0.063)	(0.063)	(0.067)	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.061)	(0.057)
IHS(Head age)	0.006	−0.009	−0.009	0.008	0.008	−0.007	−0.002	−0.005	−0.007
	(0.067)	(0.068)	(0.062)	(0.052)	(0.049)	(0.063)	(0.080)	(0.064)	(0.063)
Community asset index	−0.243***	−0.248***	−0.249***	−0.253***	−0.248***	−0.256***	−0.231***	−0.227***	−0.212***
	(0.072)	(0.070)	(0.070)	(0.073)	(0.069)	(0.077)	(0.064)	(0.062)	(0.056)
Constant	0.219	0.892	0.875	0.723	1.660	0.684	−0.785	−0.363	0.894
	(6.382)	(6.031)	(5.617)	(5.843)	(5.188)	(6.090)	(5.796)	(5.159)	(4.822)
Year fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Number of observations	4287	4287	4287	4287	4287	4287	4287	4287	4287

Notes:

These are average marginal effects (the average of the individual marginal effects) on the probability of fuelwood use.

IHS represents Inverse Hyperbolic Sine transformation.

We use two instruments for each of the migration variable (net change in household size. Numbers of departing members, number of local movers, number of local movers within the same village, number of local movers to nearby village, number of long-distance movers, number of deaths, number of male departing members, number of female departing members, number of new members, number of return migrants): the mean of migration variable in the community, and the interactions between mean of migration variable in the community and tree cover within a 5 km buffer of household in the baseline. The instruments for presence of remittances are: the mean of number of migrants sending remittances in the community, and the interaction between the mean of number of migrants sending remittances in the community and tree cover within a 5 km buffer of household in the baseline.

Standard errors in parentheses.

“***”, “**”, “*”, indicate significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level.