A) Methods to induce physical cues required for organoid formation. B) Biochemical cues to guide organoid development to specific lineages. ECM, extracellular matrix; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; RA, retinoic acid; SHH, sonic hedgehog; EGF, epidermal growth factor. Cerebral organoid. Reproduced with permission.[62] Copyright 2015, National Academy of Sciences. Retinal organoid. Reproduced with permission.[50] Copyright 2012, Elsevier. Kidney organoid. Reproduced with permission.[45] Copyright 2014, Elsevier. Lung organoid. Reproduced with permission.[38] Copyright 2015, Dye et al. Stomach organoid. Reproduced with permission.[11] Copyright 2010, Elsevier. Intestine organoid. Reproduced with permission.[133] Copyright 2019, Elsevier. Cancer organoid. Reproduced with permission.[176] Copyright 2015, Elsevier.