Table 3.

Technologies for spatially multi-patterned organoids

Categories	Technologies	Results and Applications	Ref.
Intra-organoid specification	Signaling protein (SHH) gradient with genome engineering	Forebrain subdivisions that contain positional axes	[22]
	Dual patterning from bipotent progenitors	Self-organizing neuromuscular organoids	[197]
	Stepwise modulation of signaling cues	Cerebrospinal fluid production of choroid plexus-forming brain organoids	[198]
	Stepwise modulation of signaling cues	Hair-bearing skin organoids	[199]
Inter-organoid communication	Assembly of region-specific models	Mixed dorsal and ventral forebrain organoids	[54]
	Co-culture with connective tissue	Promoted formation of alveolar organoid by addition of mesenchymal stem cells	[213]
	Co-culture with connective tissue/ Organ-on-a-chip	Structural arrangement in mesenchymal bodies	[214]
	Organ-on-a-chip	Recapitulating the connections between GI microbiome and CNS	[207]
	Organ-on-a-chip/Bioprinting	Multi-organ interactions upon drug administration	[208]
	Bioprinting	Self-patterned 3D tissue models	[209]
Topographical patterning/ profiling	Light-induced small molecule release	Spatiotemporally controlled neural stem cell fate	[200]
	Light-induced patterning	Axon guidance with NGF-patterned matrix	[201]
	AI-based optimization	Predicted experimental parameters for PSC self organization	[202]
	Micro-rheological characterization	Mechanical properties of collagen gels and cell ECM interactions	[203]
	Super-resolution imaging	Cellular composition of organoids with high resolution 3D imaging	[216]
	Spatial transcriptomics	Visualization of the distribution of mRNAs	[215]
	Spatial proteomics	Spatiotemporal profiling of signaling interactomes	[217]