Table 3.
Examples of impact of epigenetic changes due to various pathogens on livestock health
| Disease phenotype | Epigenetic changes | References |
|---|---|---|
| Holstein-Friesian cattle infected by Mycobacterium bovis | Genome-wide DNA methylation profile revealed 760 DMRs in CD4+ T cells | Doherty et al., 2016 |
| Holstein cows with subclinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection or Johne’s disease | 2,000 and 6,394 DMCs reported in ileum and ileum lymph node tissues, respectively | Ibeagha-Awemu et al., 2020a; Ibeagha-Awemu et al., 2020b |
| Holstein cows with E. coli or S. aureus mastitis | Many DMRs identified in mammary gland tissues or peripheral blood from Holstein cows | Song et al., 2016; Ju et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020 |
| Cows with subclinical S. aureus mastitis | Elevated levels of H3K27me3 levels in silent genes in lymphocytes from subclinical S. aureus mastitic cows | He et al., 2016 |
| LPS challenge of endometrial cells from cows | Decreased methylation of specific CpG sites in IL-6 and increased expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, and DNMT genes | Wang et al., 2018 |
| E. coli challenge of mammary epithelial cells from sows | A total of 561 and 898 DMCs identified at 3 h and 24 h after E. coli challenge | Sajjanar et al., 2019 |
| Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Large White piglets | Higher H3K4me3 enrichment and expression levels of some antiviral genes in infected jejunum tissue | Wang et al., 2019a |
| Domestic chickens infected with Salmonella enterica | A total of 879 DMRs including 135 DMRs found in the promoter regions of genes in the blood | Wang et al., 2017a |
| Marek’s disease resistant and susceptible White Leghorn | Altered H3K27me3 marks in the bursa of Fabricius were associated with immune-related pathways (e.g., MAP kinase signaling, focal adhesion, and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction) | Mitra et al., 2015 |
| NDV infection under heat stress condition of Leghorns and Fayoumis | Higher differences in histone modification (H3K27ac and H3K4me1) levels in bursa from Leghorns than Fayoumis, associated genes enriched in biological processes gene ontology terms related to cell cycle and receptor signaling of lymphocytes | Chanthavixay et al., 2020 |
DMR, differentially methylated region; DMC, differentially methylated cytosine; H3K4me3, tri-methylation at the 4th lysine residue of histone H3 protein; H3K27me3, tri-methylation at the 27th lysine residue of histone H3 protein; E. coli, Escherichia coli; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; H3K27ac, acetylation at the 27th lysine residue of histone H3 protein; H3K4me1, the mono-methylation at the 4th lysine residue of the histone H3 protein.