Table 4.

Cytotoxic and anticancer effects of various parts of B. hispida extracts/fractions.

Extract/isolated compounds	Model dose/concentration	Results/mechanisms	References
Aqueous seed extract	HUVECs, NIH/3T3 cells/in vitro Male C57BL/6 mice/in vivo IC50 = 20 − 800 μg/mL Standard: NNGH	No cytotoxicity on HUVECs, NIH/3T3 cells decrease bFGF-induced angiogenesis in mice	[84]
Fruit, seed, root proteins	HeLa, K-562 cells/in vitro IC50 of fruit, seeds root extract = 44, 40-50 μg/mL IC50 = 10 − 1000 μg/mL in Artemia salina IC50 = 10–50 μg/mL on HeLa, K-562 cells Standards: lysozime, tyrosine, carbonic anhydrase, ovalbumin, albumin	Decrease cell proliferation by 28.50-36.80%	[24]
Aqueous extract	HUVECs cells/in vitro IC50 = 1–20 μg/mL on high glucose (25 mM) Standards: glucose 25 mM, glucose and ABH 5 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml	Decrease cell adhesion molecules activation, Decrease ROS, NF-κB Decrease inhibiting monocyte adhesion	[57]
Methanolic/whole plant extract	Artemia salina/in vitro IC50 = 45.186 μg/mL Standard: DMSO, vincristine sulphate 0.91 μg/mL	Increase cytotoxic effect concentration-dependent	[70]

Abbreviations: IC₅₀: value concentration that inhibits cell growth by 50%; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NNGH: N-isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)-glycylhydroxamic acid.