Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by the presence or absence of ACLF at enrollment (derivation cohort).
| No ACLF (n = 187) | ACLF (n = 124) | p values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58 (50–67) | 56 (49–64) | 0.167 |
| Male (n, %) | 129 (69.4) | 85 (68) | 0.804 |
| Etiology (n, %) | |||
| Alcohol | 86 (45.9) | 70 (56.5) | 0.011 |
| Alcohol + HCV | 64 (34.2) | 55 (44.4) | 0.339 |
| HCV | 50 (26.7) | 25 (20.2) | 0.316 |
| Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | 11 (5.9) | 6 (4.8) | 0.803 |
| Other | 14 (7.5) | 7 (5.6) | 0.647 |
| Active alcoholism at enrollment (n, %) | 17 (9.1) | 29 (23.4) | 0.003 |
| Ascites (n, %) | 61 (32.6) | 83 (66.9) | 0.066 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding (n, %) | 22 (11.8) | 14 (14.3) | >0.999 |
| Bacterial infection (n, %) | 19 (32.2) | 15 (31.9) | >0.999 |
| Organ failure (n, %) | |||
| Liver | 14 (7.5) | 47 (37.9) | <0.001 |
| Kidney | - | 77 (62.1) | - |
| Brain | 7 (3.7) | 26 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Coagulation | 4 (2.1) | 27 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac | 1 (0.5) | 19 (15.3) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory | 1 (0.5) | 10 (8) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory values | |||
| White blood cell (× 109/L) | 5.6 (4.1–8.9) | 9 (5.8–13.8) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 2.7 (1.5–4.9) | 6 (1.9–16.8) | <0.001 |
| Prothrombin time (international normalized ratio) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1.7 (1.4–2.3) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 0.608 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 (0.8-1.3) | 2.2 (0.9–3.2) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137 (132–140) | 134 (130–139) | 0.004 |
| Platelets (109/L) | 86.6 (56.5–127.5) | 77 (51–126) | 0.359 |
| Scores | |||
| MELD | 16 (13–21) | 26 (21–32.5) | <0.001 |
| MELD Na | 18 (14–23) | 29 (23–34) | <0.001 |
| Child-Pugh score | 9 (8–11) | 11 (9–12.5) | <0.001 |
| CLIF-OFs | 7 (6–8) | 10 (9–11) | <0.001 |
| Outcome | |||
| 28-day mortality (n, %) | 9 (5.9) | 22 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| 90-day mortality (n, %) | 22 (14.4) | 35 (35.7) | <0.001 |
Continues data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (Q1–Q3), as appropriate. Categorical data are expressed as n (%)
ACLF acute on chronic liver failure, CLIF-OFs chronic liver failure-organ failure score, HCV hepatitis C virus, MELD model for end-stage liver disease.