Table 2.
Biomarkers stratified by patient group according to the PIRO concept (baseline—derivation cohort).
| RIPK3 (pg/ml) Median (IQR) | p value | |
|---|---|---|
| Disease severity | ||
| Healthy controls (n = 21) | 322 (136–493) | |
| Stable cirrhosis (n = 42) | 445 (320–565) | |
| All decompensated (n = 311) | 7816 (4500–140,905) | <0.001 |
| No ACLF (n = 186) | 6248 (3760–9773) | |
| ACLF grade 1 (n = 66) | 10,200 (6858–17,152) | |
| ACLF grade 2 or 3 (n = 58) | 20,981 (9296–38,877) | <0.001 |
| AD throughout (n = 134) | 5692 (3331–8436) | |
| AD to ACLF (n = 52) | 8046 (5161–13,482) | 0.001 |
| Survival | ||
| 28-day survivor (n = 220) | 7215 (4077–12,141) | |
| 28-day non-survivor (n = 31) | 15,761 (9025–39,237) | <0.001 |
| 90-day survivor (n = 194) | 7080 (3982–11,678) | |
| 90-day non-survivor (n = 57) | 12,104 (6135–26,039) | <0.001 |
| Epidemiological factors | ||
| Age <50 (n = 70) | 12,016 (5534–20,758) | |
| Age ≥50 (n = 224) | 7231 (4307–13,228) | 0.006 |
| Male (n = 214) | 7878 (4665–14,928) | |
| Female (n = 97) | 7681 (4225–14,765) | 0.983 |
| Etiology | ||
| Etiology no alcohol (n = 94) | 6946 (3965–11,075) | |
| Etiology alcohol (n = 156) | 9119 (5135–14,802) | 0.027 |
| Etiology no HCV (n = 163) | 8037 (4670–14,296) | |
| Etiology HCV (n = 75) | 7816 (3928–14,121) | 0.554 |
| Etiology no NASH (n = 220) | 8014 (4307–14,177) | |
| Etiology NASH (n = 17) | 6421 (4434–14,739) | 0.360 |
| Etiology no others (n = 217) | 8037 (4548–14,042) | |
| Etiology others (n = 21) | 6421 (3076–16,364) | 0.360 |
| Disease complication | ||
| No ascites (n = 77) | 7816 (3787–14,404) | |
| Ascites (n = 144) | 10,742 (6351–19,311) | 0.003 |
| Injury | ||
| No infection (n = 217) | 7241 (4137–13,217) | |
| Infection (n = 74) | 10,764 (5699–20,743) | 0.002 |
| No active alcoholism (n = 229) | 7189 (4225–12,971) | |
| Active alcoholism (n = 46) | 16,554 (8088–31,459) | <0.001 |
| No GI bleeding (n = 215) | 7990 (5014–13,273) | |
| GI bleeding(n = 36) | 7279 (3635–14,758) | 0.560 |
| Response | ||
| White blood cell <8 (× 109/L) (n = 175) | 6525 (3848–10,267) | |
| White blood cell 8–12 (× 109/L) (n = 61) | 10,232 (5470–17,842) | |
| White blood cell >12 (× 109/L) (n = 75) | 11,551 (6583–29,985) | <0.001 |
ACLF acute on chronic liver failure, AD acute decompensation, cK18 caspase-cleaved keratin 18, K18 keratin 18, IQR interquartile range, RIPK3 receptor interacting protein kinase 3.