Table 1.

Representative GEMMs used in studies of prostate cancer heterogeneity and plasticity

Type	Name	Description	References
Basal cell origin and prostate cancer	CK5-CreER^T2;Pten^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten in keratin 5 expressing basal cells. Basal cell-derived prostate lesions exhibited PIN and luminal adenocarcinoma phenotype.	[36, 38]
	CK5-CreER^T2; Nkx3.1^+/−;Pten^+/−	Compound germline deletion of Pten and Nkx3.1. Keratin 5 expressing basal cells are lineage-marked and are not favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	CK5-CreER^T2; Hi-Myc	c-Myc driven by ARR2PB promoter. Keratin 5 expressing basal cells are lineage-marked and are not favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	CK5-CreER^T2; TRAMP	SV40 large tumor antigen (Tag) driven by a minimal rat probasin promoter (rPB). Keratin 5 expressing basal cells are lineage-marked and are not favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	CK14-CreER^T2;Pten^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten in keratin 14 expressing basal cells. Basal cell-derived prostate lesions exhibited PIN and luminal adenocarcinoma phenotype.	[37]
Luminal cell origin and prostate cancer	CK8-CreER^T2;Pten^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten in keratin 8 expressing luminal cells. Induction of PIN and prostatic luminal adenocarcinoma.	[36–38]
	CK8-CreER^T2;Nkx3.1^+/−;Pten^+/−	Compound germline deletion of Pten and Nkx3.1. Keratin 8 expressing luminal cells are lineage-marked and are favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	CK8-CreER^T2;Hi-Myc	c-Myc driven by ARR₂PB promoter. Keratin 8 expressing luminal cells are lineage-marked and are favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	CK8 -CreER^T2;TRAMP	SV40 large tumor antigen (Tag) driven by a minimal rat probasin promoter (rPB). Keratin 8 expressing luminal cells are lineage-marked and are favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	PSA-CreER^T2;Nkx3.1^+/−;Pten^+/−	Compound germline deletion of Pten and Nkx3.1. PSA expressing luminal cells are lineage-marked and are favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	PSA-CreER^T2;Hi-Myc	c-Myc driven by ARR₂PB promoter. PSA expressing luminal cells are lineage-marked and are favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	PSA -CreER^T2;TRAMP	SV40 large tumor antigen (Tag) driven by a minimal rat probasin promoter (rPB). PSA expressing luminal cells are lineage-marked and are favored as cells of origin for prostate cancer.	[73]
	PSA-CreER^T2;Pten^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten in PSA expressing luminal cells. Induction of PIN and prostatic luminal adenocarcinoma.	[71]
	Tmprss2-CreER^T2;Pten^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten in Tmprss2 expressing luminal cells. Induction of PIN and prostatic luminal adenocarcinoma.	[72]
	Nkx3.1-CreER^T2;Pten^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten in distal luminal cells under homeostasis or Nkx3.1-marked luminal progenitor cells after castration. Induction of prostatic luminal adenocarcinoma in both conditions.	[36, 49, 51]
	Bmi1-CreER^T2;Pten^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten in Bmi1-marked luminal progenitor cells after castration. Induction of prostatic luminal adenocarcinoma.	[50]
Cancer stem cell and prostate cancer	Pb-Cre4; Pten ^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten in the prostate driven by a minimal probasin promoter driving Cre recombinase. Basal- and luminal-like CSCs were isolated as Sca-1⁺CD49f^high and Sca-1⁺CD49f^med cells, respectively.	[77–79]
	Probasin-PRL (Pb-PRL)	Prolactin transgene driven by the short probasin promoter. Luminal-like CSCs were isolated as Sca-1⁺CD49f^high cells.	[79]
	Hi-Myc	c-Myc driven by ARR₂PB promoter. Luminal-like CSCs were isolated as Sca-1⁺CD49f^med cells.	[79]
	Pb-Cre4; Trp53^flox/flox; Pten^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten and p53 in the prostate driven by a minimal probasin promoter driving Cre recombinase. Luminal-like CSCs were isolated as Epcam⁺CD49^med/loProm1⁺ cells.	[80]
Cellular plasticity and prostate cancer	Pb-Cre4;Pten^flox/flox;Rosa26^LSL-MYCN	Conditional deletion of Pten and ectopic induction of N-Myc expression in the prostate driven by a minimal probasin promoter driving Cre recombinase. Development of poorly differentiated, invasive prostate cancer that is molecularly similar to human NEPC.	[101]
	Pb-Cre4;Pten^flox/flox;Rb1^flox/flox;Trp53^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten, Rb, and p53 in the prostate driven by a minimal probasin promoter driving Cre recombinase. Development of poorly differentiated, invasive prostate cancer that is molecularly similar to human NEPC.	[100, 102]
	Nkx3.1-CreER^T2;Pten^flox/flox; Trp53^flox/flox	Conditional deletion of Pten and p53 in distal luminal cells by Nkx3.1 promoter driving Cre recombinase. NEPC emerges from luminal adenocarcinoma in castrated mice with anti-androgen treatment.	[103]