Table 2.

Effects of THz radiation on cells in vitro

Cells in vitro study	Frequency (THz)	Intensity, (mW/cm2)	Exposure time	Effects	Reference
Neurons of L. stagnalis	0.72 THz	10–20 mW/cm2	60min	Changes in cell membrane adhesion	(Olshevskaya et al., 2008)
	3.68 THz	10–20 mW/cm2	60min	Destruction of growth cones, breaking neural connections.	(Cherkasova et al., 2020)
	2.3 THz	30 mW/cm2	1 min	Cell death occurred 2 h after irradiation	(Cherkasova et al., 2020)
	2.3 THz	3 mW/cm2	1min	Cell death occurred 3 h after irradiation	(Cherkasova et al., 2020)
	2.3 THz	0.3mW/cm2	1 min	Membrane changes	(Cherkasova et al., 2020)
	2.3 THz	0.5 to 20 mW/cm2	0.6 min	Changes in the cell membrane permeability	(Cherkasova et al., 2020)
Sensory ganglion of chicken embryos	0.5 THz	0.5–50 μW/cm2	3 min	Accelerating ganglion growth	(Tsurkan et al., 2012)
PC12 cells	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	Changes in the shape and length of synapses	(Romanenko et al., 2020)
PC12 neuron-like pheochromocytoma cells	0.3–19.5 THz	n.s.	10 min	Changes in the cell membrane permeability	(Perera et al., 2019)
Glial cells	0.12–0.18 THz,	3.2 mW/cm2	5min	Cell death	(Borovkova et al., 2017)
Primary cultured neurons	0.16–0.17 THz	n.s.	6min,10min	Changes in neurotransmitter	(Tan et al., 2019)

n.s, not specified.