. 2021 Mar 17;117(14):2742–2754. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvab088

Table 1.

Summary of the heart-on-chip platforms.

Aspects of human cardiac physiology and disease in organs-on-chips
Cardiac physiology	Defined 3D tissue organization	⁴³ ^, ⁴⁸ ^, ⁶¹ ^, ⁶² ^, ⁶⁴ ^, ¹³⁵
	Force of contraction	⁵¹ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ¹³⁰ ^, ¹³⁵
	Electrophysiology	⁴³ ^, ⁴⁶ ^, ⁵⁷ ^, ⁶² ^, ⁶⁴ ^, ⁶⁵ ^, ⁶⁷ ^, ¹³⁵
	Cardiac-vascular interactions	⁴⁴ ^, ⁴⁶ ^, ⁶² ^, ¹³⁵
	Body-on-chip approach	⁵⁴ ^, ¹³⁰ ^, ¹³⁵
Cardiac disease and toxicity	Hypertrophy	⁶¹
	Arrhythmia	⁴⁷ ^, ⁴⁹
	Ischaemia	⁶⁷
	Fibrosis (e.g. fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and valve calcification)	⁴⁷ ^, ⁴⁹
	Inflammation	⁴⁶ ^, ¹³⁵
	Cardiotoxicity & Pharmacology	⁴³ ^, ⁴⁴ ^, ⁴⁶ ^, ⁵¹ ^, ⁵⁴ ^, ⁶¹ ^, ⁶² ^, ⁶⁴ ^, ⁶⁵ ^, ¹³⁰ ^, ¹³⁵

The selection criteria employed in this table were that the devices used in the study could be considered a heart-on-a-chip device, i.e. a microfluidic device where the microenvironment of the cells or tissue in culture can be controlled and/or be stimulated mechanically and/or electrically. Platforms where constructs are cultured in well-plates or make use of spheroid technology were not considered due to the lack of their microfluidic character, which is seen as a requirement for organs-on-chips.