Table 1.

Survey sample demographics.

Variable	Category	Total		Shandong		Shanxi
		n	Freq.	N	Freq.	n	Freq.
Gender	Male	214	87%	101	85%	113	90%
	Female	31	13%	18	15%	13	10%
Age		54.90		55.19		54.64
	Under 50	60	25%	25	21%	35	28%
	50–59	113	46%	62	52%	51	40%
	60 and above	72	29%	32	27%	40	32%
Education		8.31		7.30		9.25
	<6 years	28	12%	27	23%	1	1%
	6–8 years	54	22%	29	24%	25	20%
	9–12 years	118	48%	49	41%	69	55%
	12 years and above	45	18%	14	12%	31	24%
Farming years		21.28		20.13		22.37
	Less than 20 years	131	53%	65	55%	66	52%
	20 years and above	114	47%	54	45%	60	48%
Orchard size		0.76		0.57		0.94
	less than 1 ha	187	76%	108	90%	79	63%
	1 ha and above	58	24%	11	10%	47	37%
Number of blocks		3.06		3.13		2.98
	1	63	26%	35	29%	28	22%
	2	56	23%	25	21%	31	25%
	3 and above	126	51%	59	50%	67	53%
Apple income ratio		71.78		71.82		71.75
	Less than 50%	74	30%	35	29%	39	31%
	50% and above	171	70%	84	71%	87	69%

Note: Figures in Italic refers to the mean of each variable.