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. 2021 Dec 9;16:100979. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100979

Table 3.

Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) obtained from multistate model for dementia by race/ethnicity and gender.


NH White
NH Black
Hispanic
Men Women Men Women Men Women
Characteristic
Socioeconomic Resources
Educational Level
 Less than high school or GED 1.97 (1.59, 2.45) 1.59 (1.36, 1.85) 1.31 (0.78, 2.20) 1.76 (1.19, 2.59) 0.92 (0.47, 1.79) 3.20 (1.54, 6.61)
 High school or above 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Occupation
 Never worked for pay 1.28 (0.94, 1.74) 1.39 (1.16, 1.66) 3.38 (1.82, 6.26) 1.61 (1.02, 2.55) 4.83 (1.97, 11.85) 3.03 (1.24, 7.38)
 Blue-collar 1.32 (1.05, 1.66) 1.13 (0.92, 1.40) 2.66 (1.38, 5.12) 2.01 (1.26, 3.21) 3.06 (1.30, 7.21) 1.61 (0.59, 4.40)
 Lower white-collar 1.32 (1.06, 1.64) 1.18 (1.02, 1.38) 1.84 (1.00, 3.39) 1.59 (1.09, 2.33) 3.38 (1.19, 9.63) 2.59 (0.98, 6.88)
 Upper white-collar 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Low neighborhood safety 1.23 (0.91, 1.66) 1.06 (0.85, 1.34) 0.88 (0.62, 1.23) 1.15 (0.91, 1.44) 1.45 (0.86, 2.46) 0.63 (0.41, 0.96)
Food Insecure 1.43 (0.90, 2.28) 1.60 (1.27, 2.02) 1.45 (0.94, 2.23) 1.30 (0.98, 1.73) 2.22 (1.23, 4.01) 1.19 (0.59, 2.40)
Lifestyle Characteristics
Physically inactive 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) 1.07 (0.95, 1.19) 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) 0.75 (0.43, 1.33) 1.52 (1.02, 2.25)
Body Mass Index
 Underweight 0.78 (0.23, 2.68) 0.79 (0.57, 1.09) 0.41 (0.05, 3.37) 1.69 (0.77, 3.72) 6.28 (2.04, 19.33) 1.66 (0.80, 3.47)
 Normal or overweight 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Obese 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) 0.89 (0.63, 1.26) 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) 0.50 (0.26, 0.96) 1.12 (0.77, 1.64)
Smoking
 Never smoked 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Former smoker 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) 1.62 (1.11, 2.37) 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) 1.56 (0.91, 2.68) 1.33 (0.91, 1.96)
 Active smoker 1.34 (1.02, 1.76) 1.32 (1.08, 1.60) 1.81 (1.12, 2.92) 1.19 (0.84, 1.69) 1.26 (0.64, 2.49) 1.63 (0.93, 2.87)
Alcohol Intake
 Low or moderate 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Heavy 1.28 (0.95, 1.73) 0.89 (0.68, 1.18) 2.23 (1.15, 4.33) 1.14 (0.53, 2.45) 0.80 (0.34, 1.84) 0.87 (0.40, 1.88)
Lonely
0.99 (0.77, 1.26)
1.28 (1.13, 1.44)
1.27 (0.89, 1.82)
1.38 (1.09, 1.74)
1.21 (0.76, 1.94)
1.15 (0.82, 1.61)
Characteristic
Medical Conditions
Diabetes 1.52 (1.25, 1.86) 1.44 (1.22, 1.71) 1.37 (0.94, 2.01) 1.26 (1.00, 1.60) 2.62 (1.46, 4.71) 1.48 (0.98, 2.24)
Hypertension 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) 1.17 (0.84, 1.61) 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) 0.80 (0.51, 1.24) 0.88 (0.61, 1.27)
Stroke 1.51 (1.19, 1.92) 1.43 (1.20, 1.71) 1.62 (1.03, 2.55) 0.94 (0.59, 1.51) 2.71 (1.37, 5.38) 2.83 (1.28, 6.27)
Heart condition 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) 0.99 (0.87, 1.14) 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) 1.47 (1.15, 1.89) 1.53 (0.86, 2.71) 0.99 (0.53, 1.82)
Poor hearing 1.13 (0.97, 1.33) 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) 1.21 (0.85, 1.72) 0.93 (0.70, 1.24) 1.16 (0.74, 1.81) 1.12 (0.75, 1.68)
Healthcare Utilization
Any insurance 0.44 (0.29, 0.66) 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) 0.55 (0.34, 0.91) 1.22 (0.76, 1.93) 0.69 (0.37, 1.27) 0.81 (0.48, 1.34)
Doctor or hospital visit over past two years 0.91 (0.66, 1.24) 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) 0.91 (0.48, 1.70) 0.59 (0.37, 0.94) 0.68 (0.35, 1.34) 1.08 (0.54, 2.17)

Notes: GED, General Educational Development; NH, Non-Hispanic.