Table 2.
Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome and each components according to breakfast consumption by sex.
| Men |
Women |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast eaters | Breakfast skippers | Breakfast eaters | Breakfast skippers | |
| (6–7 days/week, n = 12,925) | (0–5 days/week, n = 1,982) | (6–7 days/week, n = 13,372) | (0–5 days/week, n = 1,501) | |
| OR (reference) | OR (95% CI) | OR (reference) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.29 (1.15–1.45) | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.26 (1.12–1.42) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.13 (1.01–1.25) | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.15 (1.03–1.28) | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.02–1.36) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) |
| High blood pressure | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.00–1.23) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.84–1.07) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.19 (1.07–1.33) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.82–1.06) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) |
| Elevated triglycerides | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.21–1.49) | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.04–1.45) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.21 (1.09–1.36) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.05–1.31) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.05–1.32) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) |
| Low HDL cholesterol | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.41 (1.18–1.67) | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.99–1.43) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.96–1.39) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) |
| Elevated blood glucose | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.00 | 1.21 (1.05–1.39) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.96–1.20) | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.00–1.35) |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.98–1.32) |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.96–1.30) |
OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
Model 1: Adjusted for age and research site.
Model 2: Adjusted for age, research site, education level, smoking habit, drinking habit, daily life activity, leisure-time exercise, total energy intake, and menopause status (women only).
Model 3: Adjusted for variables in model 2 plus nutrient pattern 1.
Model 4: Adjusted for variables in model 2 plus BMI (quartiles).