| Motivational interviewing (MI)(Rubak et al., 2005) and motivational enhancement therapy (MET)(Guydish et al., 2010) |
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Counselling style for provoking behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence.
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Overall goal: To increase the client's intrinsic motivation for behavior change.
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Key concepts: Ambivalence about current behavior is normal and constitutes an important motivational obstacle in behavior change. Ambivalence can be resolved by working with a client's intrinsic motivations and values.
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While MI represents a broader therapeutic approach, MET has a strong focus on personalized assessment, feedback, and change plans.
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| Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and social learning therapy (SLT)(Fabricatore, 2007, Hofmann et al., 2012) |
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Class of structured, action-oriented interventions that focuses on identifying and restructuring negative patterns of thought and behavior.
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Overall goal: To help the individual enact change in thinking patterns and behaviors, thereby improving quality of life not by changing the circumstances in which the individual lives, but by helping the individual taking control of his or her own perception of and behaviors in those circumstances.
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Key concepts: Cognitions impact emotions and subsequent behaviors and it is possible to intentionally modify the manner in which someone responds to events or thoughts.
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The core of SLT is to learn new behaviors by observing other people. This therapeutic strategy can be applied in itself, but is often also an element of CBT.
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| Incentive-based contingency management(Petry, 2011) |
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A type of behavioral therapy in which individuals are ‘reinforced’, or rewarded, for evidence of positive behavioral change.
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Overall goal: To stimulate positive behavior.
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Key concept: Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to continue and continue with increased frequency, intensity, and duration.
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| Mindfulness(Kabat-Zinn, 2003) |
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The practice of reaching a ‘full awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment’.
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Overall goal: To be in touch with the inner workings of our mental, emotional, and physical processes.
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Key concept: Increasing awareness of how personal emotions influence decisions and behaviors, can positively change behavior and attitude to life. Focus is on raising awareness, not on actively tackling undesirable thoughts (in contrast to CBT).
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| Hypnosis(Gruzelier, 1998) |
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Commonly referred to as hypnotherapy, is a trance-like state in which a person has heightened focus and concentration.
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Overall goal: To set aside the conscious mind, and suggestions given directly to the subconscious mind, where behavior is programmed, bypassing the critical factor of the conscious mind.
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Key concepts: Hypnosis causes a person to actively or voluntarily split their consciousness.
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