Table 2.
Comparison of participants’ characteristics in derivation (Simmons et al., 2007) and validation cohort.
| Variables |
With diabetes |
Without diabetes |
p-valued | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derivation | Validation | Derivation | Validation | ||
| All respondents a | 209 (1.7) | 4,741 (4.9) | 12,310 (98.3) | 92,874 (95.1) | <0.001 |
| Age (in years) b | 62.8 (8.4) | 62.4 (9.3) | 59.0 (9.3) | 60.2 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Women a | 92 (44.0) | 2,279 (48.1) | 6,842 (55.6) | 53,005 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Family history a | <0.001 | ||||
| Parent or sibling with diabetes | 32 (15.3) | 1,352 (28.5) | 1,362 (11.1) | 16,978 (18.3) | |
| Parent and sibling with diabetes | 5 (2.4) | 245 (5.2) | 106 (0.9) | 1,940 (2.1) | |
| Body mass index a | <0.001 | ||||
| < 25.0 | 25 (12.1) | 725 (16.4) | 4,980 (40.5) | 35,941 (41.3) | |
| 25.0–27.5 | 51 (24.6) | 805 (18.2) | 3,392 (27.6) | 20,684 (23.7) | |
| 27.5–30.0 | 48 (23.2) | 872 (19.7) | 2,141 (17.4) | 14,393 (16.5) | |
| > 30.0 | 83 (40.1) | 2,031 (45.8) | 1,772 (14.4) | 16,074 (18.5) | |
| Antihypertensive drugs a | 66 (31.6) | 1,708 (36.0) | 2,196 (17.8) | 18,253 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity ≥ 1 h/week a | 57 (27.3) | 3,291 (73.0) | 5,782 (47.0) | 72,076 (80.9) | <0.001 |
| Green leafy (raw) c vegetables ≥ 1 portion/day | 28 (13.5) | 3,480 (85.1) | 2,485 (20.6) | 72,470 (87.5) | <0.001 |
| Fresh fruits ≥ 1 portion/day a | 83 (40.5) | 4,119 (91.9) | 6,006 (49.7) | 83,341 (93.4) | <0.001 |
| Wholemeal/brown bread ≥ 1 portion/day a | 64 (32.2) | 3,832 (86.0) | 4,698 (39.8) | 78,033 (87.7) | <0.001 |
a
n (%).
b
mean (standard deviation).
c
in derivation dataset: green leafy vegetables; in validation dataset: raw vegetables.
d
differences between derivation and validation cohort, for age Mann-Whitney U test and all other variables Pearson’s χ2 test with Yates’ continuity correction.