Table 3.

Adjusted Models Examining the Impact of Warning Exposure – Spanish-dominant subgroup (n = 291)

	B (SE)	p
Negative affect Spanish Dual	−0.49 (0.91) 1.68 (1.0)	0.588 0.094
Perceived message effectiveness Spanish Dual	−0.02 (0.55) 0.73 (0.60)	0.965 0.226
Psychological reactance Spanish Dual	0.79 (51) 2.17 (0.56)	0.120 <0.001
Clarity Spanish Dual	1.20 (0.56) 1.14 (0.61)	0.036 0.064
Advertisement appeal Spanish Dual	1.03 (0.36) 0.69 (0.40)	0.005 0.085
Product appeal Spanish Dual	0.62 (0.34) 0.35 (0.36)	0.068 0.333
Likelihood of purchase Spanish Dual	0.84 (0.35) 0.14 (0.38)	0.018 0.714
Attention Spanish Dual	0.07 (0.22) 0.30 (0.24)	0.750 0.210
Cognitive Spanish Dual	0.29 (0.20) 0.34 (0.22)	0.158 0.127
Likelihood of sharing Spanish Dual	0.24 (0.21) 0.09 (0.23)	0.252 0.692
Perceived knowledge gained Spanish Dual	0.18 (0.23) 0.44 (0.25)	0.412 0.076
Intentions to use e-cigarettes Spanish Dual	0.08 (0.20) 0.19 (0.22)	0.693 0.384
Notes: Models adjust for language preference and proficiency, sex, race and ethnicity, education, income, sexual orientation, days used e-cigarettes, and data source. Beta signifies the impact of Spanish and Dual warnings on the outcome, with the English warning as the referent group. Bold indicates p < 0.01.