Changes in mean step counts of the participants (7-day moving average). Vertical dash lines represent the start/end date of state of emergency (SoE) declaration (April 7, 2020, SoE declaration for Tokyo, Osaka, Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba, Hyogo, and Fukuoka; April 16, 2020, SoE declaration for the remaining prefectures; May 14, 2020, lifting of SoE for prefectures excluding Hokkaido, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Kyoto, Osaka, and Hyogo).