Table 1.
Changes in walking and sedentary behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak based on characteristics of respondents.
| n | % | Average change in step counts a)b) | Number of participants by change levels of sedentary behavior c) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant reduction | Slight reduction | No change | Slight rise | Significant rise | |||||
| Total | 896 | −918.4 (SD = 2276.2) | 1 (0.1%) | 9 (1.0%) | 321 (35.8%) | 293 (32.7%) | 272 (30.4%) | ||
| Gender | p = 0.263 | p = 0.002 | |||||||
| Males | 459 | 51.2 | −1001.5 (SD = 2318.7) | 1 (0.2%) | 5 (1.1%) | 178 (38.8%) | 160 (34.9%) | 115 (25.1%) | |
| Females | 437 | 48.8 | −831.2 (SD = 2230.0) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.9%) | 143 (32.7%) | 133 (30.4%) | 157 (35.9%) | |
| Age | p < 0.001 | p = 0.066 | |||||||
| 20–29 years | 134 | 15.0 | −1991.5 (SD = 2604.2) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.2%) | 40 (29.9%) | 34 (25.4%) | 57 (42.5%) | |
| 30–39 years | 180 | 20.1 | −771.0 (SD = 2586.5) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.1%) | 60 (33.3%) | 64 (35.6%) | 54 (30.0%) | |
| 40–49 years | 214 | 23.9 | −907.6 (SD = 1903.6) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 78 (36.4%) | 71 (33.2%) | 64 (29.9%) | |
| 50–59 years | 171 | 19.1 | −756.1 (SD = 1921.4) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 73 (42.7%) | 52 (30.4%) | 44 (25.7%) | |
| 60–69 years | 197 | 22.0 | −475.9 (SD = 2186.2) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 70 (35.5%) | 72 (36.5%) | 53 (26.9%) | |
| Chronic disease | p = 0.388 | p = 0.983 | |||||||
| No | 682 | 76.1 | −952.9 (SD = 2338.1) | 1 (0.1%) | 7 (1.0%) | 243 (35.6%) | 225 (33.0%) | 206 (30.2%) | |
| Yes | 214 | 23.9 | −808.5 (SD = 2067.8) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.9%) | 78 (36.4%) | 68 (31.8%) | 66 (30.8%) | |
| Educational status | p < 0.001 | p = 0.025 | |||||||
| Junior high school/high school | 177 | 19.8 | −493.9 (SD = 1849.1) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 77 (43.5%) | 52 (29.4%) | 46 (26.0%) | |
| Junior (technical) college/vocational school | 219 | 24.4 | −668.6 (SD = 2506.6) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.4%) | 84 (38.4%) | 69 (31.5%) | 63 (28.8%) | |
| Undergraduate/graduate school | 500 | 55.8 | −1178.1 (SD = 2276.6) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.0%) | 160 (32.0%) | 172 (34.4%) | 163 (32.6%) | |
| Occupation | p = 0.788 | p = 0.601 | |||||||
| White-collar job | 407 | 45.4 | −901.1 (SD = 1876.6) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.7%) | 152 (37.3%) | 126 (31.0%) | 126 (31.0%) | |
| Gray-collar job | 152 | 17.0 | −1067.1 (SD = 2910.4) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 57 (37.5%) | 45 (29.6%) | 49 (32.2%) | |
| Blue-collar job | 75 | 8.4 | −913.1 (SD = 2575.5) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 31 (41.3%) | 27 (36.0%) | 17 (22.7%) | |
| Other/not working | 262 | 29.2 | −860.6 (SD = 2343.2) | 1 (0.4%) | 5 (1.9%) | 81 (30.9%) | 95 (36.3%) | 80 (30.5%) | |
| Household annual income | p=0.347 | p=0.085 | |||||||
| Less than 3 million yen | 122 | 13.6 | −808.0 (SD=3125.0) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.5%) | 50 (41.0%) | 35 (28.7%) | 34 (27.9%) | |
| 3–7 million yen | 377 | 42.1 | −886.4 (SD=2082.5) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.5%) | 128 (34.0%) | 121 (32.1%) | 126 (33.4%) | |
| 7 million yen or more | 298 | 33.3 | −950.5 (SD=1965.7) | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 100 (33.6%) | 108 (36.2%) | 87 (29.2%) | |
| Unknown | 99 | 11.0 | −1079.9 (SD=2619.3) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.0%) | 43 (43.4%) | 29 (29.3%) | 25 (25.3%) | |
| Living alone | p=0.134 | p=0.363 | |||||||
| No | 736 | 82.1 | −856.5 (SD=2159.7) | 1 (0.1%) | 6 (0.8%) | 267 (36.3%) | 246 (33.4%) | 216 (29.3%) | |
| Yes | 160 | 17.9 | −1203.5 (SD=2739.1) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.9%) | 54 (33.8%) | 47 (29.4%) | 56 (35.0%) | |
| Living with child(ren) under 18 years | p<0.001 | p=0.226 | |||||||
| No | 650 | 72.5 | −1084.2 (SD=2295.6) | 1 (0.2%) | 7 (1.1%) | 225 (34.6%) | 213 (32.8%) | 204 (31.4%) | |
| Yes | 246 | 27.5 | −480.3 (SD=2168.3) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 96 (39.0%) | 80 (32.5%) | 68 (27.6%) | |
| Living with person(s) aged 65 years and older | p=0.423 | p=0.091 | |||||||
| No | 762 | 85.0 | −942.0 (SD=2314.5) | 1 (0.1%) | 6 (0.8%) | 268 (35.2%) | 248 (32.5%) | 239 (31.4%) | |
| Yes | 134 | 15.0 | −784.7 (SD=2047.5) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.2%) | 53 (39.6%) | 45 (33.6%) | 33 (24.6%) | |
| Neighborhood density | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | |||||||
| Lowest density | 218 | 24.3 | −360.0 (SD=2117.8) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.5%) | 99 (45.4%) | 66 (30.3%) | 51 (23.4%) | |
| Middle-low density | 232 | 25.9 | −506.8 (SD=2046.2) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 87 (37.5%) | 80 (34.5%) | 65 (28.0%) | |
| Middle-high density | 229 | 25.6 | −1029.4 (SD=2268.8) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | 81 (35.4%) | 80 (34.9%) | 65 (28.4%) | |
| Highest density | 217 | 24.2 | −1802.4 (SD=2399.2) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (2.3%) | 54 (24.9%) | 67 (30.9%) | 91 (41.9%) | |
| Areal deprivation index (ADI) | p=0.002 | p=0.019 | |||||||
| Lowest ADI | 224 | 25.0 | −1118.2 (SD=2699.2) | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (1.3%) | 75 (33.5%) | 66 (29.5%) | 79 (35.3%) | |
| Middle-low ADI | 224 | 25.0 | −1278.3 (SD=2359.6) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 66 (29.5%) | 84 (37.5%) | 74 (33.0%) | |
| Middle-high ADI | 224 | 25.0 | −661.9 (SD=2055.4) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.9%) | 93 (41.5%) | 71 (31.7%) | 58 (25.9%) | |
| Highest ADI | 224 | 25.0 | −615.3 (SD=1840.5) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.8%) | 87 (38.8%) | 72 (32.1%) | 61 (27.2%) | |
| Introduction of work-from-home/standby-at-home | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | |||||||
| No | 595 | 66.4 | −638.5 (SD=1996.7) | 1 (0.2%) | 5 (0.8%) | 249 (41.8%) | 193 (32.4%) | 147 (24.7%) | |
| Yes | 301 | 33.6 | −1471.8 (SD=2664.6) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.3%) | 72 (23.9%) | 100 (33.2%) | 125 (41.5%) | |
| Decreased amount of work | p=0.080 | p<0.001 | |||||||
| No | 724 | 80.8 | −849.8 (SD=2234.5) | 1 (0.1%) | 7 (1.0%) | 284 (39.2%) | 233 (32.2%) | 199 (27.5%) | |
| Yes | 172 | 19.2 | −1207.2 (SD=2429.5) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 37 (21.5%) | 60 (34.9%) | 73 (42.4%) | |
| Strong anxiety about getting infected | p=0.806 | p=0.002 | |||||||
| No | 613 | 68.4 | −932.1 (SD=2112.0) | 1 (0.2%) | 6 (1.0%) | 233 (38.0%) | 209 (34.1%) | 164 (26.8%) | |
| Yes | 283 | 31.6 | −888.8 (SD=2600.3) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 88 (31.1%) | 84 (29.7%) | 108 (38.2%) | |
| Strong anxiety about spreading the infection to others | p=0.499 | p=0.002 | |||||||
| No | 668 | 74.6 | −883.5 (SD=2063.6) | 1 (0.1%) | 6 (0.9%) | 253 (37.9%) | 226 (33.8%) | 182 (27.2%) | |
| Yes | 228 | 25.4 | −1020.8 (SD=2810.7) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | 68 (29.8%) | 67 (29.4%) | 90 (39.5%) | |
| Strong anxiety about stigma associated with going out | p=0.942 | p<0.001 | |||||||
| No | 745 | 83.1 | −915.2 (SD=2070.3) | 1 (0.1%) | 7 (0.9%) | 280 (37.6%) | 251 (33.7%) | 206 (27.7%) | |
| Yes | 151 | 16.9 | −934.4 (SD=3107.0) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 41 (27.2%) | 42 (27.8%) | 66 (43.7%) | |
a) Changes in step counts were calculated by the differences in the mean step counts between the pre-SoE period (from February 19, 2020 to March 23, 2020) the post-SoE period (from April 16, 2020 to May 19, 2020).
b) p for ANOVA or t-test
c) p for Wilcoxon rank sum test or Kruskal-Wallis test