Table 4.
Prevalence of depressive symptoms in participants during COVID-19 outbreak in a sample from Portugal
| Variables n (%) | Non depression [654 (70.4)] | Moderate depression [160 (17.0)] | Depression [65 (7.0)] | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (n = 766) | ||||
| Female | 452 (69.4) | 124 (78.0) | 50 (76.9) | 0.061 |
| MMale | 199 (30.6) | 35 (22.0) | 15 (23.1) | |
| Education (years) | ||||
| ≤ 12 years | 141 (21.8) | 42 (26.4) | 24 (37.5) | 0.069 |
| Bachelor degree | 230 (35.6) | 55 (34.6) | 18 (28.1) | |
| Master degree or superior | 275 (42.6) | 62 (39.0) | 22 (34.4) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/ in a civil partnership | 287 (44.0) | 66 (41.3) | 35 53.8) | 0.220 |
| Not married | 365 (56.0) | 94 (58.8) | 30 (46.2) | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18-30 | 231 (36.6) | 54 (35.3) | 22 (34.9) | 0.830 |
| 31-39 | 168 (26.6) | 48 (31.4) | 21 (33.3) | |
| 40-49 | 143 (22.6) | 31 (20.3) | 11 (17.5) | |
| ≥ 50 | 90 (14.2) | 20 (13.1) | 9 (14.3) | |
| Working status during COVID-19 pandemic | ||||
| Continued employed | 473 (79.5) | 107 (73.8) | 43 (75.4) | 0.097 |
| Become unemployed | 48 (8.1) | 16 (11.0) | 7 (12.3) | |
| Continued unemployed | 25 (4.2) | 14 (9.7) | 2 (3.5) | |
| Other | 49 (8.2) | 8 (5.5) | 5 (8.8) | |
| Household income perception | ||||
| - Insufficient | 23 (3.6) | 5 (3.2) | 7 (10.8) | <0.001* |
| - Need to be careful about expenses | 135 (21.0) | 61 (38.6) | 22 (33.8) | |
| - Enough to meet needs | 258 (40.1) | 54 (34.2) | 23 (35.4) | |
| - Comfortable | 228 (35.4) | 38 (24.1) | 13 (20.0) | |
| Household size | ||||
| 1 person | 100 (15.6) | 25 (15.7) | 12 (18.8) | 0.928 |
| 2 persons | 197 (30.8) | 51 (32.1) | 17 (26.6) | |
| ≥ 3 persons | 342 (53.5) | 82 (52.2) | 35 (54.7) | |
| Food security status (n = 882) | ||||
| Food security | 601 (96.0) | 137 (89.0) | 45 (78.9) | <0.001* |
| Insecurity | 25 (4.0) | 17 (11.0) | 12 (21.1) | |
| The situation regarding food has changed | ||||
| Yes | 88 (20.2) | 42 (36.2) | 19 (36.5) | <0.001* |
| No | 347 (79.8) | 74 (63.8) | 33 (63.5) | |
| Use of anxiolytics and antidepressants | ||||
| Yes | 76 (11.9) | 36 (22.9) | 21 (32.3) | <0.001* |
| No | 565 (88.1) | 121 (77.1) | 44 (67.7) | |
| Have any illness diagnosed by the doctor that requires regular health care | ||||
| Yes | 118 (18.3) | 44 (27.8) | 21 (32.8) | 0.002* |
| No | 527 (81.7) | 114 (72.2) | 43 (67.2) | |
| Diagnose of COVID-19 | ||||
| Yes | 32 (5.0) | 5 (3.1) | 2 (3.1) | 0.529 |
| No | 614 (95.0) | 154 (96.9) | 62 (96.9) | |
| Drinking habits | ||||
| Yes | 360 (44.2) | 84 (52.8) | 29 (45.3) | 0.246 |
| No | 285 (44.2) | 75 (47.2) | 35 (54.7) | |
| Smoking habits | ||||
| Yes | 151 (23.4) | 35 (22.0) | 13 (20.3) | 0.810 |
| No | 493 (76.6) | 124 (78.0) | 51 (79.7) | |
| Illicit drug use | ||||
| ≤ last 12 months | 55 (32.0) | 11 (28.2) | 7 (28.0) | 0.850 |
| > 12 months | 117 (68.0) | 28 (71.8) | 18 (72.0) | |
⁎
p < 0.05