Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics between different frailty phenotype and frailty index trajectories
| Data show number (%) or mean ± standard deviation | Number with information available | Total | Frailty phenotype (FP) | Frailty index (FI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stably robust | Worsened frailty | Improved frailty | Stably frail | P for trend | Stable FI | Moderate increase FI | Rapid increase FI | P for trend | |||
| Number (%) | 2807 | 2807 (100) | 1960 (69.8) | 440 (15.7) | 248 (8.8%) | 159 (5.7%) | 1941 (69.1) | 604 (21.5) | 262 (9.3%) | ||
| Baseline demographics | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 2807 | 63.4 ± 8.2 | 61.9 ± 7.8 | 67.3 ± 7.9 | 65.2 ± 8.0 | 68.8 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 | 61.6 ± 7.7 | 66.5 ± 7.6 | 69.9 ± 7.4 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 2807 | 1410 (50.2) | 1086 (55.4) | 200 (45.5) | 70 (28.2) | 54 (34.0) | < 0.001 | 1118 (57.6) | 201 (33.3) | 91 (34.7) | < 0.001 |
| Education (years) | 2646 | 5.2 ± 4.6 | 6.0 ± 4.6 | 4.0 ± 4.1 | 2.7 ± 3.5 | 2.8 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 | 6.2 ± 4.5 | 3.0 ± 3.7 | 2.6 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
| Marital status | 2807 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 2059 (73.4) | 1523 (77.7) | 277 (63.0) | 163 (65.7) | 96 (60.4) | 1535 (79.1) | 381 (63.1) | 143 (54.6) | |||
| Urbanization of residential area | 2792 | 0.003 | 0.002 | ||||||||
| Large + big city | 1025 (36.7) | 741 (38.0) | 162 (36.9) | 67 (27.3) | 55 (34.8) | 735 (38.1) | 200 (33.3) | 90 (34.5) | |||
| Small city + township | 846 (30.3) | 598 (30.7) | 122 (27.8) | 80 (32.7) | 46 (29.1) | 603 (31.2) | 168 (28.0) | 75 (28.7) | |||
| Township (rural) | 921 (33.0) | 611 (31.3) | 155 (35.3) | 98 (40.0) | 57 (36.1) | 592 (30.7) | 233 (38.8) | 96 (36.8) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | 2804 | 397 (14.2) | 315 (16.1) | 55 (12.5) | 20 (8.1) | 7 (4.4) | < 0.001 | 321 (16.6) | 58 (9.6) | 18 (6.9) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 2800 | 646 (23.1) | 482 (24.7) | 96 (21.9) | 42 (16.9) | 26 (16.4) | 0.001 | 494 (25.5) | 105 (17.4) | 47 (17.9) | < 0.001 |
| Difficulty meeting living expanses | 2718 | 761 (28.0) | 434 (22.7) | 143 (33.8) | 112 (46.5) | 72 (51.8) | < 0.001 | 412 (21.7) | 257 (44.1) | 92 (39.0) | < 0.001 |
| Medical history | |||||||||||
| Good self-rated health | 2807 | 1113 (39.7) | 953 (48.6) | 121 (27.5) | 26 (10.5) | 13 (8.2) | < 0.001 | 960 (49.5) | 109 (18.0) | 44 (16.8) | < 0.001 |
| Number of morbidities | 2807 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2807 | 871 (31.0) | 540 (27.6) | 176 (40.0) | 87 (35.1) | 68 (42.8) | < 0.001 | 506 (26.1) | 239 (39.6) | 126 (48.1) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 2807 | 326 (11.6) | 182 (9.3) | 73 (16.6) | 35 (14.1) | 36 (22.6) | < 0.001 | 162 (8.3) | 96 (15.9) | 68 (26.0) | < 0.001 |
| Heart disease | 2807 | 447 (15.9) | 256 (13.1) | 88 (20.0) | 65 (26.2) | 38 (23.9) | < 0.001 | 227 (11.7) | 160 (26.5) | 60 (22.9) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 2807 | 90 (3.2) | 27 (1.4) | 19 (4.3) | 13 (5.2) | 31 (19.5) | < 0.001 | 29 (1.5) | 21 (3.5) | 40 (15.3) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 2807 | 63 (2.2) | 38 (1.9) | 15 (3.4) | 6 (2.4) | 4 (2.5) | 0.166 | 31 (1.6) | 20 (3.3) | 12 (4.6) | 0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 2807 | 288 (10.3) | 166 (8.5) | 51 (11.6) | 44 (17.7) | 27 (17.0) | < 0.001 | 161 (8.3) | 92 (15.2) | 35 (13.4) | < 0.001 |
| Arthritis | 2807 | 551 (19.6) | 313 (16.0) | 98 (22.3) | 91 (36.7) | 49 (30.8) | < 0.001 | 293 (15.1) | 188 (31.1) | 70 (26.7) | < 0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 2807 | 540 (19.2) | 339 (17.3) | 86 (19.5) | 67 (27.0) | 48 (30.2) | < 0.001 | 337 (17.4) | 146 (24.2) | 57 (21.8) | 0.001 |
| Hepatobiliary disease | 2807 | 191 (6.8) | 115 (5.9) | 44 (10.0) | 16 (6.5) | 16 (10.1) | 0.035 | 106 (5.5) | 60 (9.9) | 25 (9.5) | < 0.001 |
| Hip fracture | 2807 | 48 (1.7) | 28 (1.4) | 6 (1.4) | 7 (2.8) | 7 (4.4) | 0.002 | 19 (1.0) | 22 (3.6) | 7 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
| Cataract | 2807 | 606 (21.6) | 343 (17.5) | 131 (29.8) | 71 (28.6) | 61 (38.4) | < 0.001 | 295 (15.2) | 202 (33.4) | 109 (41.6) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (includes stones) | 2807 | 195 (6.9) | 116 (5.9) | 39 (8.9) | 20 (8.1) | 20 (12.6) | < 0.001 | 103 (5.3) | 58 (9.6) | 34 (13.0) | < 0.001 |
| Gout | 2807 | 170 (6.1) | 95 (4.8) | 39 (8.9) | 19 (7.7) | 17 (10.7) | < 0.001 | 97 (5.0) | 45 (7.5) | 28 (10.7) | < 0.001 |
| Functional assessments | |||||||||||
| Mobility impairment score (0–9) | 2807 | 1.8 ± 2.4 | 1.0 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 2.2 | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 | 1.0 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 4.8 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 |
| ADL impairment score (0–6) | 2807 | 0.11 ± 0.71 | 0.02 ± 0.24 | 0.07 ± 0.51 | 0.20 ± 0.59 | 1.27 ± 2.17 | < 0.001 | 0.01 ± 0.14 | 0.16 ± 0.81 | 0.82 ± 1.79 | < 0.001 |
| IADL impairment score (0–6) | 2807 | 0.57 ± 1.22 | 0.22 ± 0.61 | 0.73 ± 1.22 | 1.35 ± 1.67 | 3.13 ± 2.06 | < 0.001 | 0.18 ± 0.52 | 1.05 ± 1.46 | 2.37 ± 2.07 | < 0.001 |
| SPMSQ (age ≥ 65) | 1266 | 7.2 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| CES-D-10 score (0–30) | 2701 | 4.6 ± 5.3 | 3.2 ± 4.0 | 5.2 ± 5.3 | 9.9 ± 6.1 | 12.1 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 | 3.1 ± 3.8 | 7.9 ± 6.4 | 8.3 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 |
| Visual impairment | 2800 | 361 (12.9) | 165 (8.4) | 73 (16.6) | 58 (23.4) | 65 (40.9) | < 0.001 | 132 (6.8) | 139 (23.1) | 90 (34.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hearing impairment | 2792 | 218 (7.8) | 105 (5.4) | 56 (12.8) | 25 (10.1) | 32 (20.1) | < 0.001 | 95 (4.9) | 65 (10.9) | 58 (22.1) | < 0.001 |
| Oral intake difficulty | 2792 | 531 (19.0) | 271 (13.9) | 116 (26.5) | 81 (33.1) | 63 (40.6) | < 0.001 | 249 (12.9) | 179 (29.9) | 103 (39.6) | < 0.001 |
| Any social participation | 2793 | 1453 (52.0) | 1105 (56.6) | 191 (43.9) | 103 (42.0) | 54 (34.0) | < 0.001 | 1097 (56.7) | 248 (41.5) | 108 (41.4) | < 0.001 |
| Frailty assessments | |||||||||||
| Frailty phenotype components | |||||||||||
| Slowness | 2806 | 384 (13.7) | 74 (3.8) | 64 (14.5) | 130 (52.4) | 116 (73.0) | < 0.001 | 87 (4.5) | 171 (28.3) | 126 (48.1) | < 0.001 |
| Weakness | 2806 | 141 (5.0) | 24 (1.2) | 14 (3.2) | 40 (16.2) | 63 (39.6) | < 0.001 | 37 (1.9) | 46 (7.6) | 58 (22.2) | < 0.001 |
| Low physical activity | 2719 | 514 (18.9) | 231 (12.2) | 70 (16.4) | 129 (52.9) | 84 (53.5) | < 0.001 | 292 (15.6) | 138 (23.5) | 84 (32.7) | < 0.001 |
| Exhaustion | 2719 | 506 (18.6) | 159 (8.3) | 76 (17.8) | 170 (70.5) | 101 (73.7) | < 0.001 | 188 (9.9) | 222 (37.9) | 96 (41.0) | < 0.001 |
| Weight loss (BMI ≤18.5) | 2740 | 119 (4.3) | 36 (1.9) | 20 (4.7) | 43 (17.8) | 20 (13.3) | < 0.001 | 65 (3.4) | 38 (6.6) | 16 (6.5) | 0.001 |
| Summed FP score (0–5) | 2807 | 0.59 ± 0.88 | 0.26 ± 0.48 | 0.55 ± 0.63 | 2.06 ± 0.75 | 2.42 ± 0.97 | < 0.001 | 0.34 ± 0.61 | 1.02 ± 1.02 | 1.45 ± 1.27 | < 0.001 |
| Frailty index | 2807 | 0.14 ± 0.10 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.08 | 0.23 ± 0.10 | 0.33 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0.09 | 0.28 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 |
ADL activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, SPMSQ Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, CES-D-10 Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, 10-item Likert score, BMI body mass index