Table 1.
Demographic Data and Ocular Characteristics
| MMSE Level | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All Patients (n = 177) | Low (Score <24) (n = 13) | Middle (Score 24–27) (n = 65) | High (Score >27) (n = 99) | Low vs. High P Valuea |
| Age, y | 64.7 ± 6.6 (50–80) | 67.8 ± 7.4 (54–77) | 65.6 ± 6.7 (50–80) | 63.7 ± 6.3 (50–80) | 0.032 |
| Sex, female/male, n (%) | 73/104 (41/59) | 3/10 (23/77) | 26/39 (40/60) | 44/55 (44/56) | 0.142 |
| Years of education | 9.9 ± 3.2 (6–18) | 6.7 ± 1.3 (6–9) | 9.2 ± 3.0 (6–16) | 10.7 ± 3.2 (6–18) | <0.001 |
| MMSE score | 27.25 ± 2.30 (19–30) | 21.62 ± 1.33 (19–23) | 25.95 ± 1.14 (24–27) | 28.85 ± 0.72 (28–30) | <0.001 |
| Ever-smoker, n (%) | 27 (15) | 2 (15) | 11 (17) | 14 (14) | 0.904 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 76 (43) | 7 (54) | 27 (42) | 42 (42) | 0.435 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 149 (84) | 12 (92) | 52 (80) | 85 (86) | 0.521 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 73 (41) | 4 (31) | 28 (43) | 41 (41) | 0.462 |
| CKD stage, n (%) | |||||
| Stage 3 | 95 (54) | 2 (15) | 39 (60) | 54 (55) | 0.027 |
| Stage 4 | 27 (15) | 4 (31) | 9 (14) | 14 (14) | |
| Stage 5/ESRD | 55 (31) | 7 (54) | 17 (26) | 31 (31) | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 30.7 ± 20.7 (3–68) | 16.5 ± 14.2 (4–40) | 32.6 ± 20.3 (3–68) | 31.3 ± 21.1 (3–67) | 0.003 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 131.5 ± 20.6 (75–199) | 129.7 ± 18.9 (105–162) | 128.6 ± 21.7 (75–181) | 133.5 ± 20.0 (98–199) | 0.514 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 71.8 ± 11.7 (33–109) | 68.7 ± 6.7 (61–81) | 71.0 ± 12.7 (33–102) | 72.8 ± 11.6 (50–109) | 0.212 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 59.6 ± 12.7 (33–99) | 60.0 ± 17.1 (43–99) | 57.6 ± 12.7 (33–87) | 60.7 ± 12.0 (38–93) | 0.938 |
| Axial length | 23.83 ± 0.95 (22.01–25.99) | 23.53 ± 0.76 (22.18–24.55) | 23.80 ± 0.98 (22.01–25.96) | 23.88 ± 0.95 (22.21–25.99) | 0.197 |
| IOP, mm Hg | 15.0 ± 2.5 (10.0–23.0) | 15.9 ± 2.9 (13.0–21.8) | 14.9 ± 2.6 (10.0–23.0) | 14.9 ± 2.5 (10.2–21.1) | 0.222 |
| RNFLt, µm | 95.8 ± 10.4 (52–119) | 92.5 ± 7.6 (83–106) | 94.7 ± 12.2 (58–119) | 96.9 ± 9.3 (52–117) | 0.107 |
| GCCt, µm | 92.4 ± 7.5 (65–114) | 89.7 ± 4.9 (84–98) | 92.1 ± 7.9 (70–107) | 92.9 ± 7.6 (65–114) | 0.139 |
| GCC GLV, µm | 5.24 ± 5.03 (0.03–29.11) | 6.74 ± 3.48 (1.09–11.21) | 5.70 ± 5.40 (0.03–24.93) | 4.74 ± 4.92 (0.04–29.11) | 0.160 |
| GCC FLV, µm | 1.63 ± 1.79 (0–10.70) | 1.89 ± 1.54 (0.19–4.75) | 1.72 ± 1.70 (0.00–7.18) | 1.54 ± 1.88 (0.00–10.70) | 0.524 |
| SVP-VD, % | 46.9 ± 4.4 (26.0–55.1) | 45.9 ± 3.4 (38.8–52.8) | 46.7 ± 4.0 (33.0–51.9) | 47.1 ± 4.8 (26.0–55.1) | 0.375 |
| DVP-VD, % | 51.6 ± 3.4 (41.7–59.4) | 49.8 ± 3.9 (41.7–54.6) | 51.5 ± 3.3 (43.2–57.5) | 51.9 ± 3.4 (42.0 –59.4) | 0.036 |
| FAZ size, mm2 | 0.335 ± 0.117 (0.113–0.696) | 0.313 ± 0.123 (0.126–0.522) | 0.328 ± 0.128 (0.113–0.696) | 0.343 ± 0.109 (0.117–0.678) | 0.354 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (range) unless otherwise indicated. IOP, intraocular pressure.
a
Comparison between low MMSE level group and high MMSE level group. Bold values indicate P < 0.05.