Table 2. Cryptoclidus eurymerus (IGPB R 324) hindflipper muscle functions in comparison to literature.

Muscle	Muscle abbreviation	Function (Robinson, 1975)	Function (Carpenter et al., 2010)	Function after current study
m. iliotibialis	it	Adjusting flipper trim and rotates anterior flipper edge up	–	Elevation, retraction, rotates anterior edge of the flipper up, slight dorsal displacement of tibia on distal femur
m. femorotibialis	f			Slight dorsal displacement of tibia on distal femur
m. ambiens	a			Protraction, (if femur depressed, similar to dc rotates anterior edge up; if elevated then rotates anterior edge down), slight dorsal displacement of tibia on distal femur
m. iliofibularis	ifi	Adjusting flipper trim posteriorly	–	Elevation, rotates anterior edge down, retraction, rotates anterior edge up (as long as fibula above origin)
m. iliofemoralis	ife	Elevation	Rotates anterior edge up	Elevation, retraction, rotates anterior edge up
m. puboischiofemoralis internus	pi	Elevator	Elevation	Four possible muscle bellies: elevation from pubis: elevation, rotates anterior edge down, protraction from ischium: elevation, rotates anterior edge up, minorly retraction from ilium: elevation, rotates anterior edge up, minorly retraction from vertebral column: elevation, protraction
m. puboischiotibialis	pit	Adjusts flipper trim	–	Depression, rotates anterior edge down
m. pubotibialis	pti	–	–	Protraction, (if femur depressed, similar to dc rotates anterior edge up; if elevated then rotate anterior edge down)
m. flexor tibialis internus	fti	–	–	From ischium: retraction, depression, rotates anterior edge down from ilium/sacral vertebrae/transverse processes of caudal vertebrae: retraction, rotates anterior edge down, elevation
m. flexor tibialis externus	fte	–	–	From ilium: rotates anterior edge down, retraction, elevation from ischium: rotates anterior edge down, retraction, depression
m. caudifemoralis brevis and m. caudifemoralis longus	cfb	Elevation, rotates anterior flipper edge down	Rotates anterior flipper edge down	elevation, retraction, rotates anterior edge down
	cfl			retraction, elevation, rotates anterior edge down
m. ischiotrochantericus	i	Rotates anterior flipper edge down, elevation, retraction	–	Retraction, depression, rotation of anterior edge down
m. adductor femoris	af	Depressor, rotation anterior flipper edge down”	–	From anterior ischium: depression from lateroposterior ischium: adduction, retraction
m. puboischiofemoralis externus	pe	Depressor	Depressor	From pubis: depression, protraction, rotates anterior edge up from ischium: depression, retraction, rotates anterior edge down
m. extensor digitorum longus	edl	–	–	Extension of digits I–IV (on tarsometatarsal joints)
m. peroneus longus and m. peroneus brevis	pb and pl	Adjusts flipper trim	–	Extends tarsometatarsal joint of digit V, abduct metatarsal V
m. tibialis anterior	ta	Adjusts flipper trim	–	Abducts metatarsal I
m. gastrocnemius internus and m. gastrocnemius externus	gi and ge	–	–	Flexors of all 5 digits in all phalangeal joints, also acting on metatarsal I and V
m. flexor digitorum longus	fdlh	–	–	Long flexors of all 5 digits
m. pronator profundus	pp	–	–	Flexion of carpometacarpal joints of digit I (eventually digit II and III)
mm. extensores digitores breves	edb	–	–	Extension of all phalangeal joints in all V digits
mm. flexores digitores breves	fdb	–	–	Flexors of digits I–IV
m. extensor hallucis proprius	ehp	–	–	Extension of extends or adducts metatarsal I (on tarso-metatarsal joint)
m. adductor digiti quinti	addV	–	–	Flexor of digit V
m. flexor hallucis	fh	–	–	Flexor of digit I

Note:

m., musculus; mm, musculi; -, not reconstructed.